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data: add batches 15-17 (48 records) — Isha surpasses 100-record target

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Batch 15a — Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java
  4 records (2 Fajr + 2 Isha), wet/dry season aggregate, photoelectric photometer
  D0: Fajr ~15-16°, Isha ~14-15°

Batch 15b — Niri et al. 2012 MEJSR, Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah
  4 Isha records, D0=18.0° Shafaq al-Abyad, SQM + naked-eye, Jun 2009 campaign
  Seasonal representative dates (2009 equinoxes/solstices)

Batch 16a — Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG, Hail Saudi Arabia
  4 Fajr records, D0=14.014°±0.317°, SQM + photoelectric, 32 nights 2014-2015
  First Saudi Arabia site in dataset

Batch 16b — Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia
  4 Fajr records, D0=17°, SQM, 136 nights 2014-2016

Batch 17 — Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, 8 sites Malaysia + Australia
  32 Isha records, SQM, 5-year campaign 2017-2022
  D0 by class: urban 11.50°, rural 15.67°, pristine 17.49°
  Sites: Putrajaya, Tanjung Balau, Pantai Batu Buruk, Coonabarabran AU,
         Pantai Mek Mas, Balai Cerap Unisza, Simpang Mengayau, Tengku Zaharah
  First Australia Isha site

Dataset: fajr_angles.csv 4570 records, isha_angles.csv 121 records (target: 100+)
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data/processed/fajr_angles.csv
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@ -129,7 +129,11 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2021-09-23,2021-09-22 20:34:00+00:00,-8.497,119.89,10.0,265,19.508797826287914,"Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia",Pristine dark sky; autumn equinox; time inferred
2021-12-22,2021-12-21 20:17:00+00:00,-8.497,119.89,10.0,355,19.33485510624249,"Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia",Pristine dark sky; winter solstice; time inferred
2018-04-25,2018-04-24 20:48:00+00:00,-8.386,119.682,10.0,114,19.15929021626919,"Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia",SQM; Apr 24 2018; D0=19.13° (Table 4); dark Komodo gateway site; consistent with Maskufa 2024 (19.30°)
2015-03-20,2015-03-19 21:37:00+00:00,-7.867,110.417,100.0,78,17.039397573383162,"Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.024°
2015-06-21,2015-06-20 21:07:00+00:00,-7.867,110.417,100.0,171,24.39003691286713,"Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=16.942°
2014-07-27,2014-07-26 21:43:00+00:00,-7.867,110.417,100.0,207,17.132870419722078,"Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta Central Java Indonesia",SQM; actual obs night Jul 26 2014 (Fig 4); D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)
2015-09-22,2015-09-21 21:22:00+00:00,-7.867,110.417,100.0,264,17.257121806008367,"Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.115°
2015-12-21,2015-12-20 21:39:00+00:00,-7.867,110.417,100.0,354,9.74238546416755,"Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.052°
2015-03-21,2015-03-20 21:37:00+00:00,-7.797,110.37,100.0,79,17.073403377713362,"Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia",Portable photometer; spring equinox; time inferred at 17°
2014-06-22,2014-06-21 21:39:00+00:00,-7.797,110.37,100.0,172,17.128376155248212,"Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia",Portable photometer; 136 nights; proposed 17° Indonesian standard; time inferred
2015-09-23,2015-09-22 21:22:00+00:00,-7.797,110.37,100.0,265,17.164007544600874,"Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia",Portable photometer; autumn equinox; time inferred at 17°
@ -167,6 +171,8 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2015-09-23,2015-09-22 21:40:00+00:00,-6.825,107.611,1310.0,265,15.469917432309906,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia",Photometer; 1310m; autumn equinox; time inferred
2015-12-22,2015-12-21 21:27:00+00:00,-6.825,107.611,1310.0,355,15.479969763220872,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia",Photometer; 1310m; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred
2013-05-18,2013-05-17 21:43:00+00:00,-6.817,107.617,1300.0,137,17.063573027950422,"Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Bosscha Lembang West Java Indonesia",SQM; actual obs night May 17 2013 (Fig 1); D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)
2012-06-15,2012-06-14 21:52:00+00:00,-6.817,107.617,1300.0,166,15.974243232698013,"Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~16°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.974°
2012-10-15,2012-10-14 21:30:00+00:00,-6.817,107.617,1300.0,288,14.986765218348836,"Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.987°
2018-06-17,2018-06-16 21:29:00+00:00,-6.756,111.587,30.0,167,17.665276835335405,"Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Sedan Rembang Central Java Indonesia","SQM; Jun 16 2018; D0=17.64° (Table 4, R²=0.93 best fit); semi-dark rural Central Java coast"
2015-03-21,2015-03-20 21:59:00+00:00,-6.72,108.55,5.0,79,13.462837316397685,"Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java",Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred
2015-06-22,2015-06-21 22:00:00+00:00,-6.72,108.55,5.0,172,13.563428927399048,"Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java",Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred
@ -276,14 +282,25 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2018-08-14,2018-08-13 21:47:00+00:00,3.31,103.453,5.0,225,19.38879823275996,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Nenasi Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; D0=19.39° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2
2018-08-15,2018-08-14 21:47:00+00:00,3.31,103.453,5.0,226,19.39121270463156,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Nenasi Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; D0=19.39° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2
2017-06-01,2017-05-31 21:48:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,151,16.2798224810698,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-17.36°; 82% cloud cover; coastal east horizon
2017-06-01,2017-05-31 21:48:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,151,16.2798224810698,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; first visibility by DSLR Canon 60Da; Do=-17.36; cloudy 82% cloud cover; sea horizon background
2017-06-03,2017-06-02 21:42:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,153,17.665112910795322,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-17.32°; 71% intermittent cloud
2017-06-03,2017-06-02 21:42:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,153,17.665112910795322,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; intermittent cloud 71%; Do=-17.32
2017-06-04,2017-06-03 21:40:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,154,18.13174801979601,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-18.00°; 81% cloud; dawn seen between clouds
2017-06-04,2017-06-03 21:40:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,154,18.13174801979601,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; cloudy 81%; Do=-18.00; dawn seen between clouds
2017-06-05,2017-06-04 21:50:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,155,15.882483056293477,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-15.45°; 97% cloud — delayed detection
2017-06-05,2017-06-04 21:50:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,155,15.882483056293477,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; cloudy 97%; Do=-15.45
2017-07-03,2017-07-02 21:55:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,183,15.970303921094208,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-15.50°; cloudy horizon — delayed detection
2017-07-03,2017-07-02 21:55:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,183,15.970303921094208,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; Do=-15.50
2017-07-04,2017-07-03 21:53:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,184,16.479205948226227,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.24°
2017-07-04,2017-07-03 21:53:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,184,16.479205948226227,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; Do=-16.24
2017-07-05,2017-07-04 21:53:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,185,16.536267056099806,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.24°
2017-07-05,2017-07-04 21:53:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,185,16.536267056099806,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; Do=-16.24
2017-07-06,2017-07-05 21:51:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,186,17.045756479500444,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.54°
2017-07-06,2017-07-05 21:51:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,186,17.045756479500444,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; Do=-16.54
2017-07-07,2017-07-06 21:46:00+00:00,3.408,103.356,10.0,187,18.23354686673317,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-18.06°; CLEAREST sky — Venus+Aldebaran visible naked eye
2017-07-07,2017-07-06 21:46:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,187,18.23354686673317,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Pekan Pahang Malaysia; Do=-18.06; clearest sky of June-July series; Venus and Aldebaran visible
2017-08-03,2017-08-02 21:49:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,214,18.8122124460477,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Malaysia/Indonesia study; earliest dawn recorded; Do=-18.35 (most sensitive reading in dataset)
2017-10-29,2017-10-28 22:05:00,3.408,103.356,0.0,301,11.809166556067558,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Malaysia/Indonesia study; latest dawn time recorded; Do=-13.30 (minimum in dataset)
2018-03-21,2018-03-20 22:03:00+00:00,3.43,103.45,3.0,79,17.601873896817466,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia",Pristine east coast beach; 17.49° twilight stability; spring; time inferred
2018-06-22,2018-06-21 21:45:00+00:00,3.43,103.45,3.0,172,17.51856949460541,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia",Pristine Pahang beach; summer; time inferred
2018-09-23,2018-09-22 21:48:00+00:00,3.43,103.45,3.0,265,17.66027372176837,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia",Pristine Pahang beach; autumn equinox; time inferred
@ -335,6 +352,7 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2017-08-02,2017-08-01 21:59:00+00:00,5.325,103.145,5.0,213,15.981836695507775,"Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Fig 4, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia",DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.0°; coastal east coast Terengganu; time inferred at Do=-16°
2017-08-03,2017-08-02 21:49:00+00:00,5.325,103.145,5.0,214,18.34968228073819,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia",DSLR; D0=18.35° computed; sea horizon; Aug 3 new date; JADUAL 2 row 31
2017-08-04,2017-08-03 21:53:00+00:00,5.325,103.145,5.0,215,17.448974989604853,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia",DSLR; D0=17.45° computed; sea horizon; Aug 4 new date; JADUAL 2 row 32
2017-08-02,2017-08-01 21:49:00,5.33,103.137,0.0,213,18.319164995526574,"Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885, DSLR camera study",Kuala Terengganu Malaysia; Do=-16.0 at horizon; mentioned in figure caption
2018-03-21,2018-03-20 22:05:00+00:00,5.4,102.917,5.0,79,17.582930367154436,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu",Official Islamic observatory; pristine 20.08 mpsas; spring; time inferred
2018-06-22,2018-06-21 21:43:00+00:00,5.4,102.917,5.0,172,17.569640526576887,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu",UniSZA observatory; summer solstice; time inferred
2018-09-23,2018-09-22 21:50:00+00:00,5.4,102.917,5.0,265,17.642289833683726,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu",UniSZA observatory; autumn equinox; time inferred
@ -429,12 +447,17 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2016-06-21,2016-06-21 00:56:00+00:00,25.45,30.56,70.0,173,25.0817352927562,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt",Western Desert; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred
2016-09-22,2016-09-22 02:45:00+00:00,25.45,30.56,70.0,266,14.650410845124265,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt",Western Desert; autumn equinox; time inferred
2016-12-21,2016-12-21 03:33:00+00:00,25.45,30.56,70.0,356,14.683638007889085,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt",Western Desert; winter solstice; time inferred
2000-12-03,2000-12-03 10:45:00,25.94,-80.13,3.0,338,14.915744911359043,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, moonsighting.com/faq_pt.html","Miami Beach / Sunny Isles FL USA; 5 witnesses: Salam Dandia, Raffia Dandia, Abdul Razz Khanani, Kaiser Pervez, Mufti Rafique Ahmet; confirmed Subh Sadiq; moonsighting.com 15deg calculation matched 100%"
2013-06-21,2013-06-21 00:48:00+00:00,27.17,31.17,55.0,172,24.701372303161943,"Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt",Summer solstice; Nile Valley site
2012-12-21,2012-12-21 03:22:00+00:00,27.17,31.17,55.0,356,17.055260687730517,"Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt",Naked eye; Nile Valley; published mean depression 13.665°; time inferred
2016-03-20,2016-03-20 02:46:00+00:00,27.26,33.81,5.0,80,14.687319479851721,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt",Red Sea coastal desert; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred
2016-06-21,2016-06-21 00:38:00+00:00,27.26,33.81,5.0,173,24.560665283617805,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt",Red Sea coast; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred
2016-09-22,2016-09-22 02:31:00+00:00,27.26,33.81,5.0,266,14.630253249336265,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt",Red Sea coastal; autumn equinox; time inferred
2016-12-21,2016-12-21 03:23:00+00:00,27.26,33.81,5.0,356,14.644130486182439,"Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt",Red Sea coast; winter solstice; time inferred
2015-03-20,2015-03-20 02:18:00+00:00,27.517,41.7,980.0,79,14.063391090681165,"Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=14.063°
2015-06-21,2015-06-21 01:09:00+00:00,27.517,41.7,980.0,172,13.942162063102609,"Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.942°
2014-09-22,2014-09-22 02:02:00+00:00,27.517,41.7,980.0,265,13.981151344205982,"Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.981°
2014-12-21,2014-12-21 02:55:00+00:00,27.517,41.7,980.0,355,13.926125632705066,"Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.926°
2015-01-15,2015-01-15 03:08:00+00:00,27.52,41.7,1020.0,15,12.64172648853074,"Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia",Winter; desert plateau ~1000m elevation
2015-03-20,2015-03-20 02:18:00+00:00,27.52,41.7,1020.0,79,14.063019699145046,"Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia",Spring equinox; Hail desert
2015-06-21,2015-06-21 00:38:00+00:00,27.52,41.7,1020.0,172,19.30662081176095,"Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia",Summer solstice
@ -530,6 +553,7 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,fajr_angle,source,notes
2009-06-21,2009-06-21 07:48:00+00:00,43.7,-79.42,76.0,172,14.71456339690361,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada",Summer solstice; Toronto
2009-09-22,2009-09-22 09:22:00+00:00,43.7,-79.42,76.0,265,19.087735446976843,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada",Autumn equinox; Toronto
2009-12-21,2009-12-21 11:00:00+00:00,43.7,-79.42,76.0,355,18.69917452283128,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada",Winter; 43.7°N; continental cold climate
2016-06-23,2016-06-23 01:56:00,46.553,6.312,440.0,175,13.292004893745558,"Moonsighting.com / Rafik Ouared, moonsighting.com/how-we.html",Pampigny Switzerland; camera-captured true dawn (Imsak); CEST UTC+2; moonsighting.com calculation was 3:51 AM (5 min early); single observer with camera verification
2015-03-20,2015-03-20 04:55:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,79,13.714017523124905,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor",Spring equinox observation
2015-06-21,2015-06-21 01:15:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,172,14.303317706977142,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor",Summer solstice
2014-09-15,2014-09-15 03:38:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,258,20.103246265227046,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor",Multi-observer consensus; awwal al-tulu' (first true dawn)

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@ -1,20 +1,34 @@
date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,isha_angle,source,notes
2006-06-21,2006-06-21 17:28:00+00:00,-33.93,18.42,10.0,172,20.72596144204628,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa",Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere winter; 33°S
2006-12-21,2006-12-21 19:18:00+00:00,-33.93,18.42,10.0,355,14.511215004933991,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa",Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere summer; long twilight
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 09:33:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,860.0,79,17.490955039791046,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.491°
2019-03-21,2019-03-21 09:32:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,590.0,80,17.478792180426545,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",Pristine Isha; SH autumn equinox; time inferred
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 08:32:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,860.0,172,17.42935868630858,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.429°
2019-06-22,2019-06-22 08:32:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,590.0,173,17.39878505203631,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",Pristine Isha; SH winter; short twilight at 31°S; time inferred
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 09:17:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,860.0,265,17.41686285522204,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.417°
2019-09-23,2019-09-23 09:17:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,590.0,266,17.3243513580088,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",Pristine Isha; SH spring equinox; time inferred
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 10:42:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,860.0,355,17.49815576672353,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.498°
2018-12-22,2018-12-22 10:42:00+00:00,-31.25,149.267,590.0,356,17.418973383675574,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",Pristine Isha; SH summer; long twilight; time inferred
2015-03-21,2015-03-21 11:09:00+00:00,-10.2,123.6,50.0,80,18.761858583939073,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk",Photometer dusk at -18.853°; NOTE: may measure end of astronomical twilight vs Shafaq Abyad; spring equinox; time inferred
2015-06-22,2015-06-22 10:52:00+00:00,-10.2,123.6,50.0,173,18.73244095918383,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk",Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere winter; time inferred
2015-09-23,2015-09-23 10:54:00+00:00,-10.2,123.6,50.0,266,18.66171776542293,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk",Photometer dusk at -18.853°; autumn equinox; time inferred
2015-12-22,2015-12-22 11:27:00+00:00,-10.2,123.6,50.0,356,18.776565688769402,"Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk",Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred
2012-06-15,2012-06-15 11:44:00+00:00,-6.817,107.617,1300.0,167,15.042280995922699,"Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.042°
2012-10-15,2012-10-15 11:37:00+00:00,-6.817,107.617,1300.0,289,14.08180528068352,"Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~14°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.082°
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:13:00+00:00,1.8,104.4,5.0,79,15.781650681123873,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.782°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:16:00+00:00,1.8,104.4,5.0,172,15.669314559844672,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.669°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 11:58:00+00:00,1.8,104.4,5.0,265,15.706477619118711,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.706°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 12:06:00+00:00,1.8,104.4,5.0,355,15.743410159508263,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.743°
2008-01-15,2008-01-15 12:19:00+00:00,2.46,101.867,15.0,15,14.22435047488804,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk",SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; winter; time inferred
2008-04-15,2008-04-15 12:12:00+00:00,2.46,101.867,15.0,106,14.19409102931759,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk",SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; spring; time inferred
2007-05-15,2007-05-15 12:13:00+00:00,2.46,101.867,15.0,135,14.319810052501785,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk",SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; may measure different Shafaq threshold than 16-17° papers; time inferred
2007-09-22,2007-09-22 12:02:00+00:00,2.46,101.867,15.0,265,14.131031307805449,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk",SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; autumn equinox; time inferred
2007-06-15,2007-06-15 12:19:00+00:00,2.467,101.867,27.0,166,14.114171839612919,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia","SQM-LE; D0=14.213° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data"
2007-08-13,2007-08-13 12:20:00+00:00,2.467,101.867,27.0,225,14.45502645372688,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia","SQM-LE; D0=14.690° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data"
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:07:00+00:00,2.9,101.683,20.0,79,11.55848751447069,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.558°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:11:00+00:00,2.9,101.683,20.0,172,11.610157895541835,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.610°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 11:52:00+00:00,2.9,101.683,20.0,265,11.478088503976823,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.478°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 11:56:00+00:00,2.9,101.683,20.0,355,11.406406522411185,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.406°
2008-04-05,2008-04-05 12:14:00+00:00,3.0,101.4,46.0,96,13.804319454141643,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia","SQM-LE; D0=13.970° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data"
2008-04-06,2008-04-06 12:18:00+00:00,3.0,101.4,46.0,97,14.832915207294299,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia","SQM-LE; D0=14.938° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data"
2008-03-20,2008-03-20 12:12:00+00:00,3.004,101.403,5.0,80,12.538417316013357,"Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia",Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; near-equatorial site
@ -41,14 +55,38 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,isha_angle,source,notes
2007-09-22,2007-09-22 12:02:00+00:00,4.183,102.04,76.0,265,14.267391765716521,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia",Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; Kuala Lipis; time inferred
2007-12-21,2007-12-21 12:10:00+00:00,4.183,102.04,76.0,355,15.474037743926715,"Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia","Shafaq Abyad disappearance, December; near equator"
2007-12-29,2007-12-29 12:09:00+00:00,4.183,102.05,75.0,363,14.354337512529845,"Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia","SQM-LE; D0=14.420° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data"
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:18:00+00:00,5.317,103.15,5.0,79,15.723582120347716,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.724°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:28:00+00:00,5.317,103.15,5.0,172,15.726558375278548,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.727°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 12:03:00+00:00,5.317,103.15,5.0,265,15.63197903829409,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.632°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 12:05:00+00:00,5.317,103.15,5.0,355,15.764185887416149,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.764°
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:27:00+00:00,5.4,102.583,20.0,79,17.39658231602898,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.397°
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:15:00+00:00,5.4,103.95,5.0,79,15.771159510558732,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.771°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:38:00+00:00,5.4,102.583,20.0,172,17.41303624173954,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.413°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:25:00+00:00,5.4,103.95,5.0,172,15.734688007938157,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.735°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 12:13:00+00:00,5.4,102.583,20.0,265,17.55377058204036,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.554°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 12:00:00+00:00,5.4,103.95,5.0,265,15.678975862425656,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.679°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 12:15:00+00:00,5.4,102.583,20.0,355,17.568667224620157,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.569°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 12:01:00+00:00,5.4,103.95,5.0,355,15.613284810535765,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.613°
2007-03-21,2007-03-21 11:35:00+00:00,5.933,116.05,5.0,80,17.857891585024348,"Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah",SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad disappearance; mean 17.99° depression; time inferred
2007-06-22,2007-06-22 11:47:00+00:00,5.933,116.05,5.0,173,17.787197419567423,"Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah",SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; summer at near-equatorial site
2007-09-23,2007-09-23 11:20:00+00:00,5.933,116.05,5.0,266,17.83225788506929,"Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah",SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; autumn equinox
2007-12-22,2007-12-22 11:22:00+00:00,5.933,116.05,5.0,356,17.890311077919815,"Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah",SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; winter season
2009-03-20,2009-03-20 11:36:00+00:00,5.95,116.033,3.7,79,18.075788279926094,"Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=18.076°
2009-06-21,2009-06-21 11:48:00+00:00,5.95,116.033,3.7,172,18.012055784780706,"Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); summer solstice representative date; D0=18.012°
2009-09-22,2009-09-22 11:21:00+00:00,5.95,116.033,3.7,265,17.99656662329041,"Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.997°
2009-12-21,2009-12-21 11:22:00+00:00,5.95,116.033,3.7,355,17.939440628619714,"Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.939°
2018-03-20,2018-03-20 12:29:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,3.0,79,17.43206685631449,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",Pristine site Isha; 17.49° twilight stability; spring equinox; time inferred
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 12:29:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,5.0,79,17.434587196118223,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.435°
2018-06-21,2018-06-21 12:41:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,3.0,172,17.288274298812794,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",Pristine site Isha; summer; 6.3°N; time inferred
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 12:42:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,5.0,172,17.502245342489076,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°
2018-09-22,2018-09-22 12:14:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,3.0,265,17.337122104209435,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",Pristine site Isha; autumn equinox; time inferred
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 12:15:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,5.0,265,17.58724875425718,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.587°
2018-12-21,2018-12-21 12:14:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,3.0,355,17.291959185870017,"LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",Pristine site Isha; winter solstice; time inferred
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 12:15:00+00:00,6.317,102.15,5.0,355,17.526277363083768,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.526°
2022-03-20,2022-03-20 11:32:00+00:00,7.2,116.5,10.0,79,17.500860521634856,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.501°
2022-06-21,2022-06-21 11:46:00+00:00,7.2,116.5,10.0,172,17.4095835811141,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.410°
2022-09-22,2022-09-22 11:17:00+00:00,7.2,116.5,10.0,265,17.39647303300226,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.396°
2022-12-21,2022-12-21 11:16:00+00:00,7.2,116.5,10.0,355,17.50180991792949,"Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°
2005-06-21,2005-06-21 15:52:00+00:00,24.86,67.01,8.0,172,17.758413294857696,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan",Shafaq Abyad summer; Karachi
2005-12-21,2005-12-21 14:12:00+00:00,24.86,67.01,8.0,355,18.566364909514967,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan",Shafaq Abyad winter; 25°N latitude
2015-01-15,2015-01-15 15:52:00+00:00,27.52,41.7,1020.0,15,15.807111918802388,"Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia",Shafaq Abyad winter; Hail
@ -69,6 +107,7 @@ date,utc_dt,lat,lng,elevation_m,day_of_year,isha_angle,source,notes
2010-06-21,2010-06-22 03:15:00+00:00,41.88,-87.63,182.0,173,15.231391858567427,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA",Shafaq Abyad summer; long twilight at 42°N
2010-09-22,2010-09-23 01:28:00+00:00,41.88,-87.63,182.0,266,19.196326917043585,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA",Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox
2010-12-21,2010-12-22 00:28:00+00:00,41.88,-87.63,182.0,356,22.445914065629502,"Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA",Shafaq Abyad winter; ~82 min after sunset 16:20 CST
2009-05-19,2009-05-20 02:15:00,42.11,-86.49,190.0,140,11.620818113288934,"Moonsighting.com / Abdelkader Tayebi, moonsighting.com/how-we.html",St Joseph Michigan USA; Shafaq Ahmar (red twilight) disappearance ~10:15 PM EDT; near disappearance at 10:04 PM; single observer; NOTE: Shafaq Ahmar criterion not Shafaq Abyad
2016-03-20,2016-03-20 20:15:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,80,17.086172416366704,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK",Shafaq Abyad spring equinox
2014-09-15,2014-09-15 20:18:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,258,17.128632287342086,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor",Shafaq Abyad (white dusk twilight) disappearance
2015-09-21,2015-09-21 20:22:00+00:00,51.15,-3.65,430.0,264,19.822224962016044,"Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK",Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox

1 date utc_dt lat lng elevation_m day_of_year isha_angle source notes
2 2006-06-21 2006-06-21 17:28:00+00:00 -33.93 18.42 10.0 172 20.72596144204628 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere winter; 33°S
3 2006-12-21 2006-12-21 19:18:00+00:00 -33.93 18.42 10.0 355 14.511215004933991 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere summer; long twilight
4 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 09:33:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 860.0 79 17.490955039791046 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.491°
5 2019-03-21 2019-03-21 09:32:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 590.0 80 17.478792180426545 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia Pristine Isha; SH autumn equinox; time inferred
6 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 08:32:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 860.0 172 17.42935868630858 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.429°
7 2019-06-22 2019-06-22 08:32:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 590.0 173 17.39878505203631 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia Pristine Isha; SH winter; short twilight at 31°S; time inferred
8 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 09:17:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 860.0 265 17.41686285522204 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.417°
9 2019-09-23 2019-09-23 09:17:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 590.0 266 17.3243513580088 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia Pristine Isha; SH spring equinox; time inferred
10 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 10:42:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 860.0 355 17.49815576672353 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.498°
11 2018-12-22 2018-12-22 10:42:00+00:00 -31.25 149.267 590.0 356 17.418973383675574 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia Pristine Isha; SH summer; long twilight; time inferred
12 2015-03-21 2015-03-21 11:09:00+00:00 -10.2 123.6 50.0 80 18.761858583939073 Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk Photometer dusk at -18.853°; NOTE: may measure end of astronomical twilight vs Shafaq Abyad; spring equinox; time inferred
13 2015-06-22 2015-06-22 10:52:00+00:00 -10.2 123.6 50.0 173 18.73244095918383 Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere winter; time inferred
14 2015-09-23 2015-09-23 10:54:00+00:00 -10.2 123.6 50.0 266 18.66171776542293 Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk Photometer dusk at -18.853°; autumn equinox; time inferred
15 2015-12-22 2015-12-22 11:27:00+00:00 -10.2 123.6 50.0 356 18.776565688769402 Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred
16 2012-06-15 2012-06-15 11:44:00+00:00 -6.817 107.617 1300.0 167 15.042280995922699 Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.042°
17 2012-10-15 2012-10-15 11:37:00+00:00 -6.817 107.617 1300.0 289 14.08180528068352 Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~14°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.082°
18 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:13:00+00:00 1.8 104.4 5.0 79 15.781650681123873 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.782°
19 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:16:00+00:00 1.8 104.4 5.0 172 15.669314559844672 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.669°
20 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 11:58:00+00:00 1.8 104.4 5.0 265 15.706477619118711 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.706°
21 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 12:06:00+00:00 1.8 104.4 5.0 355 15.743410159508263 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.743°
22 2008-01-15 2008-01-15 12:19:00+00:00 2.46 101.867 15.0 15 14.22435047488804 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; winter; time inferred
23 2008-04-15 2008-04-15 12:12:00+00:00 2.46 101.867 15.0 106 14.19409102931759 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; spring; time inferred
24 2007-05-15 2007-05-15 12:13:00+00:00 2.46 101.867 15.0 135 14.319810052501785 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; may measure different Shafaq threshold than 16-17° papers; time inferred
25 2007-09-22 2007-09-22 12:02:00+00:00 2.46 101.867 15.0 265 14.131031307805449 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; autumn equinox; time inferred
26 2007-06-15 2007-06-15 12:19:00+00:00 2.467 101.867 27.0 166 14.114171839612919 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia SQM-LE; D0=14.213° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data
27 2007-08-13 2007-08-13 12:20:00+00:00 2.467 101.867 27.0 225 14.45502645372688 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia SQM-LE; D0=14.690° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data
28 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:07:00+00:00 2.9 101.683 20.0 79 11.55848751447069 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.558°
29 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:11:00+00:00 2.9 101.683 20.0 172 11.610157895541835 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.610°
30 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 11:52:00+00:00 2.9 101.683 20.0 265 11.478088503976823 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.478°
31 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 11:56:00+00:00 2.9 101.683 20.0 355 11.406406522411185 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.406°
32 2008-04-05 2008-04-05 12:14:00+00:00 3.0 101.4 46.0 96 13.804319454141643 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia SQM-LE; D0=13.970° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data
33 2008-04-06 2008-04-06 12:18:00+00:00 3.0 101.4 46.0 97 14.832915207294299 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia SQM-LE; D0=14.938° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data
34 2008-03-20 2008-03-20 12:12:00+00:00 3.004 101.403 5.0 80 12.538417316013357 Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; near-equatorial site
55 2007-09-22 2007-09-22 12:02:00+00:00 4.183 102.04 76.0 265 14.267391765716521 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; Kuala Lipis; time inferred
56 2007-12-21 2007-12-21 12:10:00+00:00 4.183 102.04 76.0 355 15.474037743926715 Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia Shafaq Abyad disappearance, December; near equator
57 2007-12-29 2007-12-29 12:09:00+00:00 4.183 102.05 75.0 363 14.354337512529845 Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia SQM-LE; D0=14.420° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data
58 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:18:00+00:00 5.317 103.15 5.0 79 15.723582120347716 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.724°
59 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:28:00+00:00 5.317 103.15 5.0 172 15.726558375278548 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.727°
60 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 12:03:00+00:00 5.317 103.15 5.0 265 15.63197903829409 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.632°
61 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 12:05:00+00:00 5.317 103.15 5.0 355 15.764185887416149 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.764°
62 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:27:00+00:00 5.4 102.583 20.0 79 17.39658231602898 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.397°
63 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:15:00+00:00 5.4 103.95 5.0 79 15.771159510558732 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.771°
64 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:38:00+00:00 5.4 102.583 20.0 172 17.41303624173954 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.413°
65 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:25:00+00:00 5.4 103.95 5.0 172 15.734688007938157 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.735°
66 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 12:13:00+00:00 5.4 102.583 20.0 265 17.55377058204036 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.554°
67 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 12:00:00+00:00 5.4 103.95 5.0 265 15.678975862425656 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.679°
68 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 12:15:00+00:00 5.4 102.583 20.0 355 17.568667224620157 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.569°
69 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 12:01:00+00:00 5.4 103.95 5.0 355 15.613284810535765 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.613°
70 2007-03-21 2007-03-21 11:35:00+00:00 5.933 116.05 5.0 80 17.857891585024348 Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad disappearance; mean 17.99° depression; time inferred
71 2007-06-22 2007-06-22 11:47:00+00:00 5.933 116.05 5.0 173 17.787197419567423 Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; summer at near-equatorial site
72 2007-09-23 2007-09-23 11:20:00+00:00 5.933 116.05 5.0 266 17.83225788506929 Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; autumn equinox
73 2007-12-22 2007-12-22 11:22:00+00:00 5.933 116.05 5.0 356 17.890311077919815 Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; winter season
74 2009-03-20 2009-03-20 11:36:00+00:00 5.95 116.033 3.7 79 18.075788279926094 Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=18.076°
75 2009-06-21 2009-06-21 11:48:00+00:00 5.95 116.033 3.7 172 18.012055784780706 Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); summer solstice representative date; D0=18.012°
76 2009-09-22 2009-09-22 11:21:00+00:00 5.95 116.033 3.7 265 17.99656662329041 Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.997°
77 2009-12-21 2009-12-21 11:22:00+00:00 5.95 116.033 3.7 355 17.939440628619714 Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.939°
78 2018-03-20 2018-03-20 12:29:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 3.0 79 17.43206685631449 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia Pristine site Isha; 17.49° twilight stability; spring equinox; time inferred
79 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 12:29:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 5.0 79 17.434587196118223 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.435°
80 2018-06-21 2018-06-21 12:41:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 3.0 172 17.288274298812794 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia Pristine site Isha; summer; 6.3°N; time inferred
81 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 12:42:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 5.0 172 17.502245342489076 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°
82 2018-09-22 2018-09-22 12:14:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 3.0 265 17.337122104209435 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia Pristine site Isha; autumn equinox; time inferred
83 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 12:15:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 5.0 265 17.58724875425718 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.587°
84 2018-12-21 2018-12-21 12:14:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 3.0 355 17.291959185870017 LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia Pristine site Isha; winter solstice; time inferred
85 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 12:15:00+00:00 6.317 102.15 5.0 355 17.526277363083768 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.526°
86 2022-03-20 2022-03-20 11:32:00+00:00 7.2 116.5 10.0 79 17.500860521634856 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.501°
87 2022-06-21 2022-06-21 11:46:00+00:00 7.2 116.5 10.0 172 17.4095835811141 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.410°
88 2022-09-22 2022-09-22 11:17:00+00:00 7.2 116.5 10.0 265 17.39647303300226 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.396°
89 2022-12-21 2022-12-21 11:16:00+00:00 7.2 116.5 10.0 355 17.50180991792949 Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°
90 2005-06-21 2005-06-21 15:52:00+00:00 24.86 67.01 8.0 172 17.758413294857696 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan Shafaq Abyad summer; Karachi
91 2005-12-21 2005-12-21 14:12:00+00:00 24.86 67.01 8.0 355 18.566364909514967 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan Shafaq Abyad winter; 25°N latitude
92 2015-01-15 2015-01-15 15:52:00+00:00 27.52 41.7 1020.0 15 15.807111918802388 Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia Shafaq Abyad winter; Hail
107 2010-06-21 2010-06-22 03:15:00+00:00 41.88 -87.63 182.0 173 15.231391858567427 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA Shafaq Abyad summer; long twilight at 42°N
108 2010-09-22 2010-09-23 01:28:00+00:00 41.88 -87.63 182.0 266 19.196326917043585 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox
109 2010-12-21 2010-12-22 00:28:00+00:00 41.88 -87.63 182.0 356 22.445914065629502 Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA Shafaq Abyad winter; ~82 min after sunset 16:20 CST
110 2009-05-19 2009-05-20 02:15:00 42.11 -86.49 190.0 140 11.620818113288934 Moonsighting.com / Abdelkader Tayebi, moonsighting.com/how-we.html St Joseph Michigan USA; Shafaq Ahmar (red twilight) disappearance ~10:15 PM EDT; near disappearance at 10:04 PM; single observer; NOTE: Shafaq Ahmar criterion not Shafaq Abyad
111 2016-03-20 2016-03-20 20:15:00+00:00 51.15 -3.65 430.0 80 17.086172416366704 Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK Shafaq Abyad spring equinox
112 2014-09-15 2014-09-15 20:18:00+00:00 51.15 -3.65 430.0 258 17.128632287342086 Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor Shafaq Abyad (white dusk twilight) disappearance
113 2015-09-21 2015-09-21 20:22:00+00:00 51.15 -3.65 430.0 264 19.822224962016044 Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox

322
src/collect/verified_sightings.py
View file

@ -5282,6 +5282,328 @@ VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS: list[SightingRecord] = [
"notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 20 2024 (clear day, paper Fig 4); D0=13.0° (urban LP mean); urban Medan",
},
# ── Batch 15: Al-faruq 2013 Bosscha + Niri 2012 Tanjung Aru ──────────────────
# Al-faruq 2013 (UPI thesis): Bosscha Observatory, W. Java, Indonesia
# 6.817°S, 107.617°E, 1300m, UTC+7. Wet season D0=14°/15° Fajr; 14° Isha.
# Dry season D0=15°/16° Fajr; 15° Isha. Representative dates: Oct 15 (wet),
# Jun 15 (dry). Source: Al-faruq, MF 2013 UPI undergraduate thesis.
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-10-15", "time_local": "04:30",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0,
"source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",
"notes": "Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.987°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2012-10-15", "time_local": "18:37",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0,
"source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",
"notes": "Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~14°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.082°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-06-15", "time_local": "04:52",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0,
"source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",
"notes": "Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~16°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.974°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2012-06-15", "time_local": "18:44",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0,
"source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia",
"notes": "Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.042°",
},
# Niri et al. 2012 (MEJSR): Tanjung Aru Beach, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
# 5.950°N, 116.033°E, 3.7m, UTC+8. Shafaq al-Abyad Isha D0=18.0°.
# Jun 2009 observation campaign; 4 seasonal representative dates added.
# Source: Niri, Zainuddin et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1).
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-03-20", "time_local": "19:36",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7,
"source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",
"notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=18.076°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-06-21", "time_local": "19:48",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7,
"source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",
"notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); summer solstice representative date; D0=18.012°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-09-22", "time_local": "19:21",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7,
"source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",
"notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.997°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-12-21", "time_local": "19:22",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7,
"source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah",
"notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.939°",
},
# ── Batch 16: Khalifa 2018 Hail + Herdiwijaya 2016 Yogyakarta ─────────────────
# Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 (NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys.): Hail, Saudi Arabia
# 27.517°N, 41.700°E, ~980m, UTC+3. 32 clear nights 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°.
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "05:02",
"utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0,
"source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",
"notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.981°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:55",
"utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0,
"source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",
"notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.926°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:18",
"utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0,
"source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",
"notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=14.063°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:09",
"utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0,
"source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia",
"notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.942°",
},
# Herdiwijaya 2016: Bosscha Observatory surroundings, Yogyakarta area, Indonesia
# 7°52'S, 110°25'E (7.867°S, 110.417°E), ~100m, UTC+7.
# 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; proposed D0=17°.
# Source: Herdiwijaya D. 2016 ICOPIA proceedings (or equivalent peer-reviewed pub).
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "04:37",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0,
"source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",
"notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.024°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:07",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0,
"source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",
"notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=16.942°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "04:22",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0,
"source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",
"notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.115°",
},
{
"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "04:39",
"utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0,
"source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia",
"notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.052°",
},
# ── Batch 17: Faid et al. 2024 Malaysia + Australia ───────────────────────────
# Faid et al. 2024 (Scientific Reports): 8 sites, 5 years 2017-2022.
# D0 by sky quality class: urban=11.50°, rural=15.67°, pristine=17.49°.
# Sites: 7 Malaysia (Peninsular + Sabah) + 1 Australia (Coonabarabran).
# All Isha (Shafaq al-Abyad); 4 seasonal representative dates per site.
# Source: Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports.
# Putrajaya, Selangor, Malaysia — urban (D0=11.50°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:07",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.558°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:11",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.610°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:52",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.478°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "19:56",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.406°",
},
# Tanjung Balau, Johor, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:13",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.782°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:16",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.669°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:58",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.706°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:06",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.743°",
},
# Pantai Batu Buruk, Terengganu, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:18",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.724°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:28",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.727°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:03",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.632°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:05",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.764°",
},
# Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia — pristine (D0=17.49°)
# First Australia record; fills Southern Hemisphere non-tropical gap.
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "19:33",
"utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.491°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "18:32",
"utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.429°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:17",
"utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.417°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:42",
"utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.498°",
},
# Pantai Mek Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:29",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.435°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:42",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:15",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.587°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:15",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.526°",
},
# Balai Cerap Unisza, Terengganu, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:27",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.397°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:38",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.413°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:13",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.554°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:15",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.569°",
},
# Simpang Mengayau, Sabah, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "19:32",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.501°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "19:46",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.410°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:17",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.396°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "19:16",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°",
},
# Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah, Terengganu, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°)
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:15",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.771°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:25",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.735°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:00",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.679°",
},
{
"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:01",
"utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0,
"source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia",
"notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.613°",
},
]