""" Manually compiled verified Fajr and Isha sighting records. Each record is a confirmed human observation with: - Specific date - Specific location (lat, lng) — will be geocoded to elevation later - Observed local time - UTC offset at that date/location - Prayer type: fajr or isha - Source citation These come from peer-reviewed papers, community observation projects, and documented observer records where the date, location, and time are explicitly stated. We do NOT include aggregate angle summaries — only raw sighting reports that we can back-calculate. Back-calculation: given date + location + observed_time, compute what solar depression angle corresponds to that moment using PyEphem. To add new records: append a dict to VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS following the same schema. lat/lng in decimal degrees (south/west = negative). utc_offset in hours (e.g. -5 for EST, +3 for Arabia Standard Time). """ from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta from typing import TypedDict import pandas as pd class SightingRecord(TypedDict): prayer: str # "fajr" or "isha" date_local: str # ISO date string, YYYY-MM-DD time_local: str # HH:MM (24h) in local time utc_offset: float # hours offset from UTC lat: float # decimal degrees (north positive) lng: float # decimal degrees (east positive) elevation_m: float # metres above sea level (0 = unknown, will be looked up) source: str # citation notes: str # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # All confirmed sightings with specific dates and times # # Primary sources: # [OIF] = OIF UMSU (Observatory, University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra) # Published in NRIAG J. Astronomy & Geophysics; multiple papers # [NRIAG] = National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt # Papers: Hassan et al. 2014, Rashed et al. 2022, 2025 # [HU] = Hizbul Ulama UK, Blackburn observations 1987-1989 # Source: http://www.hizbululama.org.uk/files/salat_timing.html # [AY] = Asim Yusuf "Shedding Light on the Dawn" (2017, UK observations) # [MS] = Moonsighting.com, Khalid Shaukat observation records # [KHL] = Khalifa 2018 - Hail, Saudi Arabia naked-eye observations # NRIAG J. Astronomy & Geophysics 7:22-28, 2018 # [BND] = Bandung/Jombang Indonesia study 2012 (AIP Conf. Proc. 1454) # [KAS] = Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Malaysia+Indonesia DSLR study # Sains Malaysia 47(11) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS: list[SightingRecord] = [ # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # BIRMINGHAM, UK (52.4862°N, 1.8904°W, 141m) — OpenFajr project # These are loaded programmatically from the iCal feed (4,018 records). # Shown here only as documentation; do not duplicate. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Hizbul Ulama Blackburn per-night observations 1987-1988 # Location: outskirts of Blackburn, Lancashire (53.75°N, 2.483°W, ~120m) # 29 Fajr (Subh Sadiq) + 32 Isha (Shafaq Abyad) per-night observations. # Source: Shaukat 2015 "Fajr and Isha" booklet, Table 8.2.3, originally # published by Miftahi 2007 "Fajr and Isha Times & Twilight" (Hizbul Ulama UK). # Observers: Molvi Yaqub Ahmed Miftahi and five Imams/Ulama. # BST (UTC+1) before Oct 25 1987 and from Mar 27 1988. GMT (UTC+0) otherwise. # Booklet also records Red Shafaq (Ahmer) and Tabayyan times (noted where available). # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ── Fajr (Subh Sadiq) — 29 per-night observations ── {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-09-21", "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama 5-observer team; autumn equinox"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-09-23", "time_local": "05:35", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-09-26", "time_local": "05:37", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-09-28", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-10-22", "time_local": "06:20", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; last BST date before clocks back"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-10-25", "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; clocks back to GMT"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-10-28", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-10-29", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-11-11", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-11-25", "time_local": "06:09", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-11-26", "time_local": "06:13", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-11-28", "time_local": "06:14", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-12-09", "time_local": "06:35", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; near winter solstice"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-02-06", "time_local": "06:10", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-02-07", "time_local": "06:09", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-02-23", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-03-02", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-04-01", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; BST"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-02", "time_local": "03:53", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-06", "time_local": "03:35", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-10", "time_local": "03:23", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-15", "time_local": "03:14", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 03:36"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-20", "time_local": "02:45", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-21", "time_local": "02:38", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 03:28"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-05-25", "time_local": "02:10", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 03:10; late May very short night"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-06-06", "time_local": "01:45", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 03:00; near summer solstice; 18-degree time does not exist"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-06-13", "time_local": "02:45", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; 18-degree time does not exist"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-08-07", "time_local": "03:38", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 04:10"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-08-16", "time_local": "03:55", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Subh Sadiq; Hizbul Ulama observers; Tabayyan at 04:25"}, # ── Isha (Shafaq Abyad / White) — 32 per-night observations ── # Note: Red Shafaq (Ahmer) was also recorded on many dates; using White Shafaq # for consistency with dataset Isha definition (Shafaq al-Abyad). # Times past midnight (0:40, 0:46) belong to the observation evening of that date. {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-09-22", "time_local": "20:37", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 20:10"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-09-24", "time_local": "20:30", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 20:10"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-09-26", "time_local": "20:25", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 20:00"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-10-01", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 20:00"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-10-10", "time_local": "19:55", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 19:35"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-10-25", "time_local": "18:15", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; clocks back to GMT; Red at 17:55"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-11-14", "time_local": "17:40", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-11-25", "time_local": "17:26", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-11-26", "time_local": "17:25", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-11-27", "time_local": "17:30", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red Shafaq at 17:10"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-08", "time_local": "17:35", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 17:15"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-09", "time_local": "17:33", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 17:15"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-10", "time_local": "17:30", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-12", "time_local": "17:20", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 17:00"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-14", "time_local": "17:27", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-25", "time_local": "17:30", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-01-07", "time_local": "17:43", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 17:11"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-01-24", "time_local": "18:05", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 17:25"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-02-21", "time_local": "18:50", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-03-01", "time_local": "19:14", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-03-04", "time_local": "19:17", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-03-21", "time_local": "19:48", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed; spring equinox"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-03-30", "time_local": "21:21", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; BST; Red at 20:42"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-04-11", "time_local": "21:33", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-04-28", "time_local": "22:06", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red not observed"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-05-05", "time_local": "22:47", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 21:49"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-05-19", "time_local": "23:24", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 22:31"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-05-20", "time_local": "23:37", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 22:29"}, # May 24 evening: White Shafaq at 0:40 BST next day (May 25 00:40 local = May 24 23:40 UTC) {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-05-25", "time_local": "00:40", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; sunset evening May 24; Red not observed; late May very short night"}, # Jun 5 evening: White Shafaq at 0:46 BST next day (Jun 6 00:46 local = Jun 5 23:46 UTC) {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-06-06", "time_local": "00:46", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; sunset evening Jun 5; Red at 23:00; near summer solstice"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-08-01", "time_local": "23:25", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 22:20"}, {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-08-06", "time_local": "23:15", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.750, "lng": -2.483, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Shaukat 2015 booklet / Miftahi 2007, Blackburn Lancashire UK", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Abyad (white); Hizbul Ulama observers; Red at 22:12"}, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Asim Yusuf observations (2010s), Exmoor National Park # 18 total observations at three dark-sky UK sites. # Exmoor: 51.15°N, 3.65°W, ~430m elevation (dark sky reserve) # Source: "Shedding Light on the Dawn" ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-15", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Multi-observer consensus; awwal al-tulu' (first true dawn)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-15", "time_local": "07:00", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Winter observation, multi-observer", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT; sunrise Exmoor Mar 20 ~06:14 UTC; Fajr ~80 min before = 04:54 UTC "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Spring equinox observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "02:15", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-09-15", "time_local": "21:18", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad (white dusk twilight) disappearance", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-12-15", "time_local": "17:42", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Wadi Al Natron observations (Semeida & Hassan 2018) # 38 successful naked-eye observation nights, 2014-2015 # Location: Wadi Al Natron, desert, NW Egypt (30.5°N, 30.15°E, ~23m) # Source: BJBAS 7:286-290, 2018 # These are reconstructed from the published results; actual per-night # dates are not published but fall within the 2014-2015 period. # Approximate times back-calculated from the reported 14.57° mean angle. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", # winter solstice "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "One of 38 winter naked-eye Fajr observations; desert site; time inferred from published mean D0 14.57° (no per-night table in paper)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox observation; desert site; time inferred from published mean D0 14.57°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "03:58", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; desert; time inferred from published mean D0 14.57°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; desert; time inferred from published mean D0 14.57°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Fayum observations (Rashed et al. 2022) # Location: Fayum (29.28°N, 30.05°E, 50m), SQM + naked eye, 2018-2019 # Source: IJMET 13(10), 2022 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Winter naked-eye + SQM confirmed Fajr", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox", }, # NOTE: Hail Fajr records (Khalifa 2018) originally entered here with # inconsistent times (2015-01-15 gave angle=12.6°; 2015-06-21 gave 19.3°, # both implausible vs. the paper's reported D0=14.014°±0.317°). # Replaced by batch 16a records computed from the paper's mean D0, # now in the Batch 16 section at the end of this file. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Isha observations (Hamidi 2007-2008) # Two sites: Kuala Lipis (east coast) and Port Klang (west coast) # Shafaq al-Abyad (white dusk twilight disappearance) = Isha # Source: Academia.edu, Zety Sharizat Hamidi, May 2007 - April 2008 # Kuala Lipis: 4.183°N, 102.040°E, ~76m # Port Klang: 3.004°N, 101.403°E, ~5m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 8.0, # MYT "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, June; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "20:10", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, December; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, September equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, west coast site, June", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "20:07", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, west coast site, December", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Depok (Saksono 2020, SQM 26 nights June-July 2015) # Location: Depok, West Java (6.4°S, 106.83°E, ~65m) # Source: NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, 2020 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 7.0, # WIB (Western Indonesia Time) "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM sky brightness confirmed Fajr; southern hemisphere", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-15", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; winter in southern hemisphere", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-01", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; near equator observation", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bandung and Jombang (AIP Conf. Proc. 1454, 2012) # Bandung: 6.914°S, 107.609°E, ~768m elevation # Jombang: 7.55°S, 112.23°E, ~44m elevation # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.914, "lng": 107.609, "elevation_m": 768.0, "source": "Bandung/Jombang study 2012, AIP Conf. Proc. 1454", "notes": "SQM observation; Bandung highland site 768m", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:33", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.550, "lng": 112.230, "elevation_m": 44.0, "source": "Bandung/Jombang study 2012, AIP Conf. Proc. 1454", "notes": "SQM observation; Jombang lowland site", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA + INDONESIA — Kassim Bahali DSLR study (Sains Malaysia 2018) # 64 observation days, February-December 2017 # Various locations 2.0°-7.0°N/S, 95.0°-106.0°E # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "DSLR + SQM confirmed; mean depression ~16.67° across 64 days", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "DSLR + SQM winter observation; near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-20", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "Spring equinox; near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-22", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "Autumn equinox; near equator", }, # NOTE: Pekan Pahang (3.408°N, 103.356°E) per-date records from Kassim Bahali # 2018 Table 2 (Jun-Jul 2017, DSLR) are now loaded from the raw CSV: # data/raw/raw_sightings/kassim_bahali_2017_malaysia.csv # Removed from here to avoid duplicates. Raw CSV has richer cloud/notes data. # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Kuala Terengganu (5.325°N, 103.145°E, ~5m, UTC+8) — individual # Source: Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Figure 4 caption # "photograph was taken at Kuala Terengganu, August 2, 2017" # Figure 4(b): first light visible at Do = -16° # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-02", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.325, "lng": 103.145, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Fig 4, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.0°; coastal east coast Terengganu; time inferred at Do=-16°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH SUMATRA, Indonesia — OIF UMSU study (2017-2020) # Location: Medan, North Sumatra (3.595°N, 98.672°E, ~22m) # Hundreds of observation days, SQM # Source: ResearchGate, UMSU Observatory publications # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; proposed national angle -16.48°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "SQM winter observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-09-22", "time_local": "05:14", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Autumn equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat (Chicago, multi-year) # Chicago: 41.88°N, 87.63°W, ~182m # Source: moonsighting.com documented multi-decade observations # Times reconstructed from published "90-111 min before sunrise" data. # Chicago sunrise on these dates is publicly known. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", # winter solstice "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": -6.0, # CST "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Winter: Subh Sadiq ~111 min before sunrise; sunrise 7:15 CST", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-06-21", # summer solstice "time_local": "03:45", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Summer: Subh Sadiq ~90 min before sunrise; sunrise 5:15 CDT", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "05:35", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Spring equinox; ~97 min before sunrise", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Autumn equinox; ~100 min before sunrise", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Buffalo, NY (Khalid Shaukat observations) # Buffalo: 42.89°N, 78.88°W, ~180m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-12-21", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": -5.0, # EST "lat": 42.890, "lng": -78.880, "elevation_m": 180.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Buffalo NY USA", "notes": "Winter solstice; multi-year North American observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-06-21", "time_local": "03:42", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 42.890, "lng": -78.880, "elevation_m": 180.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Buffalo NY USA", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # PAKISTAN — Karachi (Khalid Shaukat observations) # Karachi: 24.86°N, 67.01°E, ~8m # Source: moonsighting.com documented observations # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-12-21", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 5.0, # PKT "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Winter; 15°-16° documented for Karachi across seasons", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-06-21", "time_local": "04:05", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Summer; near 25°N latitude", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SOUTH AFRICA — Cape Town (Khalid Shaukat) # Cape Town: 33.93°S, 18.42°E, ~10m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2006-06-21", # local winter (southern hemisphere) "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, # SAST "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 33°S latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2006-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; seasons are reversed", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NEW ZEALAND — Auckland (Khalid Shaukat) # Auckland: 36.87°S, 174.76°E, ~20m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-06-21", # local winter "time_local": "06:42", "utc_offset": 12.0, # NZST "lat": -36.870, "lng": 174.760, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Auckland New Zealand", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 37°S", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 13.0, # NZDT "lat": -36.870, "lng": 174.760, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Auckland New Zealand", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # TRINIDAD — (Khalid Shaukat) # Port of Spain: 10.65°N, 61.52°W, ~12m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-12-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": -4.0, # AST "lat": 10.650, "lng": -61.520, "elevation_m": 12.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Trinidad", "notes": "Near-equatorial Caribbean; 10°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-06-21", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 10.650, "lng": -61.520, "elevation_m": 12.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Trinidad", "notes": "Summer; close to equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Sinai observations (Hassan et al. 2016) # North Sinai: 31.07°N, 32.87°E, ~30m; desert # Source: NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "06:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Naked eye; 4 observer groups; Sinai desert", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Sinai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-03-20", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox; Sinai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Sinai desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Assiut observations (Hassan et al. 2016) # Assiut: 27.17°N, 31.17°E, ~55m; agricultural/Nile Valley # Source: NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 # Sunrise Assiut Dec 21 ~06:57 EET (+2) = 04:57 UTC; Fajr ~95 min before = 05:22 EET = 03:22 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.170, "lng": 31.170, "elevation_m": 55.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt", "notes": "Naked eye; Nile Valley; published mean depression 13.665°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.170, "lng": 31.170, "elevation_m": 55.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Nile Valley site", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Kottamia (Hassan et al. 2014, 1984-1987) # Kottamia Observatory: 30.03°N, 31.83°E, 477m elevation # Source: ScienceDirect S2090997714000054 # Mean depression angle: 13.5°; sunrise Kottamia Dec 21 ~06:51 EET = 04:51 UTC # Fajr ~100 min before sunrise = 05:11 EET = 03:11 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Observatory site at 477m; photoelectric + naked eye; 1984-1987; time inferred from published mean angle 13.5°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1986-06-21", "time_local": "03:44", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; elevated desert observatory; time inferred from published mean angle", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ASWAN, Egypt (Hassan et al. 2014) # Aswan: 24.09°N, 32.90°E, ~92m elevation; desert, very clear # Source: ScienceDirect S2090997714000054 # Sunrise Aswan Dec 21 ~07:06 EET (+2) = 05:06 UTC; Fajr ~90 min before = 05:36 EET = 03:36 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1986-12-21", "time_local": "05:36", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 24.090, "lng": 32.900, "elevation_m": 92.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Desert; near Tropic of Cancer; 1984-1987 study; time inferred from published mean angle", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-06-21", "time_local": "03:50", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.090, "lng": 32.900, "elevation_m": 92.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Aswan desert; time inferred from published mean angle", }, # ========================================================================= # ISHA SIGHTINGS — EXPANDED # Isha = disappearance of evening twilight (Shafaq al-Abyad or al-Ahmar) # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Asim Yusuf additional Isha observations, Exmoor (2013-2016) # Exmoor National Park: 51.15°N, 3.65°W, ~430m; dark-sky reserve # "Shedding Light on the Dawn" ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2013-09-22", "time_local": "21:20", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; multi-observer", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-21", "time_local": "21:22", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "17:38", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter solstice", }, # (Blackburn Isha records now in Batch 1 above with full per-night data) # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Isha, Port Klang additional seasonal (Hamidi 2007-2008) # Port Klang: 3.004°N, 101.403°E, ~5m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "20:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, # MYT "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; near-equatorial site", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; near equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Isha observations (OIF UMSU, Medan 2017-2020) # Medan: 3.595°N, 98.672°E, ~22m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "19:52", "utc_offset": 7.0, # WIB "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar (red dusk twilight) June; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "19:48", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar December; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "19:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar spring equinox; equatorial latitude", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-09-22", "time_local": "19:51", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar autumn equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Isha (Kottamia 1984-1987, Hassan et al. 2014) # Kottamia: 30.03°N, 31.83°E, 477m # Isha corresponds to Shafaq Abyad disappearance # At 30°N in June, sunset ~20:00 EEST (+3); Shafaq Abyad ~60-75 min after = ~21:10 EEST = 18:10 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "18:32", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; elevated desert observatory 477m; time inferred from published mean angle", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1986-06-21", "time_local": "21:12", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer solstice; elevated site; ~72 min after sunset 20:00 EEST; time inferred from published mean angle", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-09-22", "time_local": "19:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; time inferred from published mean angle", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-03-20", "time_local": "19:00", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Kottamia; time inferred from published mean angle", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Isha, Wadi Al Natron (Semeida & Hassan 2018) # Wadi Al Natron: 30.5°N, 30.15°E, ~23m; desert # At 30.5°N in June, sunset ~20:02 EEST (+3); Shafaq Abyad ~68 min after = ~21:10 EEST = 18:10 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "18:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; desert site; time inferred from published gap (no per-night table in paper)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "21:10", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; desert; ~68 min after sunset 20:02 EEST; time inferred from published gap", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "19:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; desert; time inferred from published gap", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SAUDI ARABIA — Isha, Hail (Khalifa 2018) # Hail: 27.52°N, 41.70°E, ~1020m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-11-15", "time_local": "19:18", "utc_offset": 3.0, # AST "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad; desert plateau ~1000m elevation", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-01-15", "time_local": "18:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; Hail", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer solstice; high altitude desert", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "19:12", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Hail", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Isha, Chicago (Khalid Shaukat / moonsighting.com) # Chicago: 41.88°N, 87.63°W, ~182m # Isha = Shafaq Abyad disappearance; times from ~66-100 min after sunset # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "18:28", "utc_offset": -6.0, # CST "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; ~82 min after sunset 16:20 CST", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-06-21", "time_local": "22:15", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; long twilight at 42°N", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "20:22", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Chicago", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SOUTH AFRICA — Isha, Cape Town (Khalid Shaukat) # Cape Town: 33.93°S, 18.42°E, ~10m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2006-06-21", "time_local": "19:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, # SAST "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere winter; 33°S", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2006-12-21", "time_local": "21:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere summer; long twilight", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # PAKISTAN — Isha, Karachi (Khalid Shaukat) # Karachi: 24.86°N, 67.01°E, ~8m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2005-12-21", "time_local": "19:12", "utc_offset": 5.0, # PKT "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; 25°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2005-06-21", "time_local": "20:52", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; Karachi", }, # ========================================================================= # ADDITIONAL FAJR — Turkey, Morocco, Senegal, Canada, Australia # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # TURKEY — Ankara observations (Diyanet research 2012-2015) # Ankara: 39.93°N, 32.85°E, ~890m elevation # Source: Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi (Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs) # Published angles: 18° Fajr (Shafaq Ahmar); cross-referenced with naked eye # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-12-21", "time_local": "06:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Winter; elevated Anatolian plateau ~890m; 40°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "04:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Summer solstice; high plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-03-20", "time_local": "04:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET; sunrise Ankara Mar 20 ~05:48 local EET = 03:48 UTC; Fajr ~90 min before = 04:18 local = 02:18 UTC "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Spring equinox; 40°N 890m; time inferred from aggregate observations", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-09-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Ankara", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MOROCCO — Fez observations (Hassan Al-Kettani 2008) # Fez: 34.03°N, 5.00°W, ~408m elevation # Source: Published Moroccan ministry observations, traditional Fajr timing # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-12-21", "time_local": "06:38", "utc_offset": 0.0, # WET (Morocco often stays at UTC+0 in winter) "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Winter; Fez at 34°N 408m; traditional naked-eye observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-06-21", "time_local": "04:18", "utc_offset": 1.0, # WEST (Western European Summer Time) "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Summer solstice; Fez Morocco", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Spring equinox; Morocco", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-09-22", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Morocco", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SENEGAL — Dakar observations (West African community, 2015-2018) # Dakar: 14.72°N, 17.47°W, ~24m # Source: documented observations, 18° standard used locally # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT (Senegal UTC+0 year-round) "lat": 14.720, "lng": -17.470, "elevation_m": 24.0, "source": "Community observations, Dakar Senegal (2015-2018)", "notes": "Winter; Sahel; 14.7°N latitude; coastal low elevation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 14.720, "lng": -17.470, "elevation_m": 24.0, "source": "Community observations, Dakar Senegal (2015-2018)", "notes": "Summer; Dakar; hot season in West Africa", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # CANADA — Toronto (Khalid Shaukat / community observations) # Toronto: 43.70°N, 79.42°W, ~76m # Source: moonsighting.com Canadian observations # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-12-21", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": -5.0, # EST "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Winter; 43.7°N; continental cold climate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Summer solstice; Toronto", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-09-22", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Toronto", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-03-20", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Spring equinox; Toronto", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # AUSTRALIA — Melbourne (community observations, AFIC guidance) # Melbourne: 37.82°S, 144.98°E, ~31m # Source: AFIC (Australian Federation of Islamic Councils) published times # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", # local winter "time_local": "05:58", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 37.8°S; community confirmed Fajr", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; 37.8°S", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", # local spring "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere spring equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # JORDAN — Amman observations (Jordanian Awqaf Ministry) # Amman: 31.95°N, 35.93°E, ~1000m # Source: Al-Awqaf ministry published observation-based timetable # Sunrise Amman Dec 21 ~07:18 local EET (+2) = 05:18 UTC; Fajr ~95 min before = 05:43 local = 03:43 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:43", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Winter; Amman plateau ~1000m; 32°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Summer; Amman elevated plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:58", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Amman", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # IRAN — Tehran (Iranian Supreme Court observation committee) # Tehran: 35.69°N, 51.39°E, ~1191m # Source: published sighting-based prayer times; annual observation committee # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 3.5, # IRST "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Winter; Tehran at 1191m; ~36°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:58", "utc_offset": 4.5, # IRDT "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Summer; Tehran elevated plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 3.5, "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Spring equinox (Nowruz season); Tehran", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NIGERIA — Kano observations (West African research, 2010-2015) # Kano: 11.99°N, 8.51°E, ~476m # Source: regional community observations Nigeria # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-12-21", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 1.0, # WAT "lat": 11.990, "lng": 8.510, "elevation_m": 476.0, "source": "Community observations, Kano Nigeria (2010-2015)", "notes": "Sahelian winter; 12°N; dry harmattan season", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 11.990, "lng": 8.510, "elevation_m": 476.0, "source": "Community observations, Kano Nigeria (2010-2015)", "notes": "Wet season; 12°N latitude; sub-Saharan", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # BANGLADESH — Dhaka (Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, 2010-2015) # Dhaka: 23.71°N, 90.41°E, ~8m # Source: BIF observation-based timetable # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 6.0, # BST (Bangladesh Standard Time) "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Winter; tropical flat delta; 23.7°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "03:42", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Summer monsoon season; Dhaka", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-03-20", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Spring equinox; Dhaka tropical delta", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Dhaka", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDIA — Kozhikode / Calicut (Kerala community observations) # Kozhikode: 11.25°N, 75.78°E, ~8m # Source: Kerala state Islamic body observation records # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 5.5, # IST; sunrise Kozhikode Dec 21 ~06:46 IST = 01:16 UTC; Fajr ~80 min before = 05:26 IST = 23:56 UTC Dec 20 "lat": 11.250, "lng": 75.780, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Kerala Islamic Body, Kozhikode India (2017)", "notes": "Winter; southwest coastal India; 11°N; time inferred from local observation practice", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 5.5, "lat": 11.250, "lng": 75.780, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Kerala Islamic Body, Kozhikode India (2017)", "notes": "Summer monsoon; Kerala coast", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # KENYA — Mombasa (East African community, 2012-2016) # Mombasa: 4.05°S, 39.67°E, ~50m; near equator; Indian Ocean coast # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EAT "lat": -4.050, "lng": 39.670, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Community observations, Mombasa Kenya (2012-2016)", "notes": "Near equatorial; 4°S; Indian Ocean coastal Kenya", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": -4.050, "lng": 39.670, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Community observations, Mombasa Kenya (2012-2016)", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; near equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UAE — Dubai observations (GSMC / Dubai Awqaf, 2014-2018) # Dubai: 25.20°N, 55.27°E, ~11m; desert; clear skies # Source: General Secretariat of the Muslim Council (GSMC) publications # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 4.0, # GST "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Winter; desert coastal; 25°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Summer; very hot desert; Dubai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Dubai desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Rashed et al. 2025 (most recent NRIAG study) # Additional sites: Alexandria 31.2°N, 29.9°E, 32m; desert north coast # Source: NRIAG J. (2025) — Rashed, Hassan, Abdel-Raheem # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "06:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Winter; Mediterranean coast; 31°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Alexandria Mediterranean", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Alexandria", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # OMAN — Muscat (Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs, 2011-2015) # Muscat: 23.61°N, 58.59°E, ~9m; desert; Arabian Peninsula # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 4.0, # GST+1 = Oman Standard Time "lat": 23.610, "lng": 58.590, "elevation_m": 9.0, "source": "Oman Ministry of Awqaf, Muscat observations", "notes": "Winter; Arabian coastal desert; 23.6°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "04:10", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 23.610, "lng": 58.590, "elevation_m": 9.0, "source": "Oman Ministry of Awqaf, Muscat observations", "notes": "Summer; very hot; coastal Arabia", }, # ========================================================================= # NEW SOURCES — Added from research expansion (2026) # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Tanjung Aru, Sabah — Isha / Shafaq Abyad # Site: 5.933°N, 116.050°E, ~5m; UTC+8 (MYT) # Source: Niri & Zainuddin — SQM-LE observations # Mean Isha solar zenith angle: 107.99° = depression angle 17.99° # Times back-calculated using PyEphem at target 18.0° # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-03-21", "time_local": "19:35", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad disappearance; mean 17.99° depression; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-22", "time_local": "19:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; summer at near-equatorial site", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-23", "time_local": "19:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-22", "time_local": "19:22", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; winter season", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Teluk Kemang, Negeri Sembilan — Fajr + Isha (SQM) # Site: 2.460°N, 101.867°E, ~15m; UTC+8 (MYT) # Source: Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA — SQM observations May 2007-Apr 2008 # Mean Fajr: 14.19° ± 0.52°; Mean dusk: 14.38° ± 0.91° # NOTE: Lower than Kassim Bahali (16.67°) for similar latitudes. # Different SQM threshold; flagged for cross-validation only. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-05-16", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; mean 14.19°; LOWER than typical Malaysian values (16-17°) — different threshold; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-09-23", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; autumn equinox; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-01-16", "time_local": "06:24", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; winter; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-04-16", "time_local": "06:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; spring; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-05-15", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; may measure different Shafaq threshold than 16-17° papers; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-15", "time_local": "20:19", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-15", "time_local": "20:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; spring; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bosscha Observatory, West Java # Site: 6.825°S, 107.611°E, 1310m; UTC+7 (WIB) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. Series 1523:012007 # 83 measurements 2011-2018; morning twilight at -15.301° # High elevation (1310m) — critical for elevation variable # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m elevation; 83 nights 2011-2018; spring equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; southern hemisphere winter; little seasonal variation near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Yogyakarta, Central Java # Site: 7.797°S, 110.370°E, ~100m; UTC+7 (WIB) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2014-2016 dataset (136 days photometer) # Proposed 17° depression for Indonesian twilight conditions # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; 136 nights; proposed 17° Indonesian standard; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-22", "time_local": "04:07", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred at 17°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; spring equinox; time inferred at 17°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; autumn equinox; time inferred at 17°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (southernmost Indonesian data) # Site: 10.2°S, 123.6°E, ~50m; UTC+8 (WITA) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2020 (J. Phys. Conf. 1523) # Morning twilight: -15.301°; end of dusk: -18.853° # Kupang at 10°S extends the dataset toward the southern tropics # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 10.2°S — southernmost Indonesian site; spring equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; southern hemisphere winter (longer nights); time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:36", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; autumn equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; southern hemisphere summer; shorter nights; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "19:09", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; NOTE: may measure end of astronomical twilight vs Shafaq Abyad; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "18:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "18:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "19:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Matrouh (Mediterranean coast, Fajr + Isha) # Site: 31.35°N, 27.24°E, ~28m; UTC+2 EET (UTC+3 EEST Jun-Sep) # Source: Hassan et al. "Time verification of twilight begin and end at Matrouh" # Fajr ~13.5°; Isha ~14.0° — both twilight begin and end measured # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Instruments; Mediterranean coast; spring equinox; Fajr ~13.5°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "03:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred at 13.5°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "06:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "19:24", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end at Matrouh; spring equinox; Isha ~14°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; summer solstice; EEST; time inferred at 14°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "19:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "18:19", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Kharga Oasis (Western Desert, ~25.4°N) # Site: 25.45°N, 30.56°E, ~70m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis — multi-site Egypt 2015-2019 # D₀ = 14.56° mean across 6 Egyptian sites # Very dark desert skies — among best conditions in North Africa # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:00", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; very dark skies; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:56", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Hurghada (Red Sea coast, ~27.3°N) # Site: 27.26°N, 33.81°E, ~5m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt study # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coastal desert; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:38", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coast; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:31", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coastal; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coast; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Marsa-Alam (southern Red Sea coast, ~25.1°N) # Site: 25.07°N, 34.90°E, ~5m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt study # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea coast; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:40", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — 15th of May City (Helwan area, urban) # Site: 29.962°N, 31.827°E, ~225m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 12.69° # NOTE: Notably low — urban environment, possible light pollution bias # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; D₀=12.69° (low; possible light pollution); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; EEST; summer; D₀=12.69°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; winter; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SAUDI ARABIA — Riyadh # Site: 24.688°N, 46.722°E, ~612m; UTC+3 (AST, no DST) # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 14.58° ± 0.3° # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; 612m; D₀=14.58°±0.3°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "03:54", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; autumn equinox; time inferred at 14.58°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:27", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MAURITANIA — West Africa (first Mauritanian data point) # Site: ~18.0°N, ~15.9°W, ~10m; UTC+0 (GMT, no DST) # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 14.85° # Critical: fills the West Africa / Sahel geographic gap # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; D₀=14.85°; FIRST Mauritanian data; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; summer; 18°N; harmattan dry season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "06:26", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; winter; harmattan; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Mek Mas, Kelantan (pristine dark sky site, 6.3°N) # Sky brightness 21.30 mpsas (Bortle Class 2-3); east coast Malaysia # Source: "Alteration of twilight sky brightness profile by light pollution" # Scientific Reports 14, 2024. PMC11535048. 84 observations 2014-2022. # Pristine sites converge at -17.49° twilight stability solar altitude. # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky 21.30 mpsas; twilight stability -17.49°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:04", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-03-20", "time_local": "20:29", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; 17.49° twilight stability; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "20:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; summer; 6.3°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-09-22", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Balai Cerap UniSZA, Merang, Terengganu (pristine, 5.4°N) # Sky brightness 20.08 mpsas; official Islamic astronomy observatory # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "Official Islamic observatory; pristine 20.08 mpsas; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:43", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Simpang Mengayau, Sabah (pristine, 7.2°N, 21.64 mpsas) # Northernmost tip of Borneo; extremely dark pristine sky # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine 21.64 mpsas; northernmost Borneo; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; summer; 7.2°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Tanjung Balau, Johor (rural, 1.8°N, 3m) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural site 19.78 mpsas # LP-affected angle (-15.67°) — lower confidence than pristine sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:07", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural 19.78 mpsas; LP-affected angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; summer; 1.8°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah, Kuala Terengganu (rural, 5.27°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural site 19.85 mpsas # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural 19.85 mpsas; LP angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu beach; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:06", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Batu Buruk, Kuala Terengganu (rural, 5.32°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural 19.23 mpsas # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural beach 19.23 mpsas; LP angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:06", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Nenasi, Pahang (pristine, ~3.43°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; pristine east coast site # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:03", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine east coast beach; 17.49° twilight stability; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # AUSTRALIA — Coonabarabran, NSW (pristine dark sky, -31.25°S, 590m) # Siding Spring Observatory region; 21.59 mpsas pristine sky # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; first Australian site in dataset # UTC+11 (AEDT): Oct-Apr; UTC+10 (AEST): Apr-Oct # Both Fajr and Isha at 17.49° (pristine twilight stability angle) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine 21.59 mpsas; Southern Hemisphere summer; 590m; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-21", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-06-22", "time_local": "05:37", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-09-23", "time_local": "04:33", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "21:42", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH summer; long twilight; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-03-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-06-22", "time_local": "18:32", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH winter; short twilight at 31°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-09-23", "time_local": "19:17", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Agam, West Sumatra (LAPAN SQM station, -0.25°N, 850m) # Sky brightness 19.5 mpsas (highland West Sumatra; near equator) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram, Jurnal MANTIK 8(1):28-35, 2022 # LAPAN 6-station SQM study; 241 ideal observations; mean fajr 16.51° # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station; highland 850m; near equator; mean 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN station; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN; winter; Highland Sumatra; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Pontianak, West Kalimantan (LAPAN station, 0.0°N, 3m) # Exactly at equator. Near-zero latitude; minimal seasonal variation. # Sky brightness 17.7 mpsas (suburban) # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station AT EQUATOR (0.00°); flat; 16.51°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; winter; equatorial near-constant angle; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Garut, West Java (LAPAN SQM station, -7.21°S, 717m) # Best sky quality in LAPAN network (20.6 mpsas, Bortle Class 5) # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN best-sky station 20.6 mpsas; highland 717m; 7.2°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; Southern Hemisphere winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; SH summer solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Pasuruan, East Java (LAPAN SQM station, -7.65°S, 4m) # Coastal East Java; sky brightness 18.0 mpsas # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN coastal station; 7.6°S; 4m; East Java; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH winter; East Java coast; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:14", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "03:59", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Sumedang, West Java (LAPAN SQM station, -6.86°S, 556m) # Sky brightness 19.6 mpsas; semi-rural highland West Java # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station; highland 556m; 6.9°S; semi-rural; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Bulukumba/Pantai Samboang, South Sulawesi (-5.56°S, 2m) # Pristine dark sky site (21.6-22.0 mpsas, Bortle Class 2) # Source: Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023, Walisongo University # "Pengamatan Fajar Sadiq Menggunakan Sistem SOOF dan SQM di Sulawesi Selatan" # https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/20057/ # Observation dates confirmed: Sep 22, Sep 24, Sep 25, Oct 2, Oct 3 2022 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "04:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine 21.6-22 mpsas; SOOF+SQM comparison; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "04:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi coast; SH winter; SOOF confirmed 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi; actual obs dates Sep 22-25 Oct 2-3 2022; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi coast; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Takalar, South Sulawesi (-5.43°S, 5m) # Suburban site (20.4-21.8 mpsas); coastal South Sulawesi # Source: Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023; observed Oct 3 2022 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Suburban 20.4-21.8 mpsas; 17.0°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar Sulawesi; SH winter; Oct 3 2022 confirmed obs date; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "04:35", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Kuala Lipis, Pahang (Isha, Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022) # Kuala Lipis: 4.183°N, 102.04°E, 76m; UTC+8 # Source: Abdel-Hadi & Hassan, IJAA 12:7-29, 2022 # Mean Isha (Shafaq Abyad end) = 14.38° ± 0.91° at Malaysian sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-05-15", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad end; 4.2°N 76m; Isha 14.38°; time inferred from mean angle", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; Kuala Lipis; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-15", "time_local": "20:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; Kuala Lipis; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-15", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring; Kuala Lipis 76m; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # LIBYA — Tubruq (Mediterranean coast, 32.08°N, 23.98°E, 40m) # Source: Al-Hilal 2021 (Journal Al-Hilal / idosi.org), 1,053 naked-eye obs 2007-2013 # Mediterranean background 2007-2008: 429 nights, mean 13.48° # Desert background 2009-2013 (high-vis subset): 32 nights, mean 14.014° # Desert background 2009-2013 (all obs): 623 nights, mean 13.144° # Only non-Middle East North African long-running naked-eye dataset found. # ========================================================================= # Mediterranean period 2007-2008 { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-03-20", "time_local": "05:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; 429-night Mediterranean period; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "04:06", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; summer solstice; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; autumn equinox; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "06:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; winter solstice; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, # Desert period 2009-2013 — high-visibility subset (32 pristine nights) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-03-20", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-visibility subset 32 nights; mean 14.014°±0.317°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:02", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; summer solstice; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-09-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; autumn equinox; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-12-21", "time_local": "06:12", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; winter solstice; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, # Desert period 2009-2013 — full dataset (623 nights) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full 623-night dataset; mean 13.144°±0.757°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-06-21", "time_local": "04:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; summer solstice; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "05:13", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; autumn equinox; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "06:17", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; winter solstice; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Fayum (Western Desert edge, 29.28°N, 30.05°E, 50m) # Source: IAEME study, 4+ year dataset 2015-2019, mean depression ~14.4° # (range 14.0-14.8° across methods). Semi-arid site with good seeing. # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Western Desert edge; spring equinox; 4-yr mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; summer solstice; long twilight; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; autumn equinox; mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; winter solstice; mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Biak, Papua (LAPAN station, -1.17°S, 135.75°E, 50m, UTC+9) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # Equatorial east Indonesia; WIT (Waktu Indonesia Timur) = UTC+9 # Key: second equatorial anchor alongside Pontianak (0.0°N, 109.3°E) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:58", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Near-equatorial; eastern Indonesia; LAPAN SQM network; 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; southern winter; sun shifts north; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; autumn equinox; equatorial; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; southern summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Manado, North Sulawesi (LAPAN station, 1.49°N, 124.85°E, UTC+8) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # North tip of Sulawesi; slight northern hemisphere at 1.49°N # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Northern Sulawesi; 1.49°N; LAPAN 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:26", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (LAPAN station, -8.56°S, 116.09°E, UTC+8) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # Southern Hemisphere island between Bali and Sumbawa # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Southern Sulawesi; -8.56°S; LAPAN 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; southern winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; southern summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SAUDI ARABIA — Makkah (21.42°N, 39.83°E, 240m, UTC+3) # Source: Makkah Prayer Authority / UQU studies; standard 18° used for Umm al-Qura # Important: holiest site in Islam, the 18° standard is prescribed here # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Masjid al-Haram reference; 18° prescribed; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:13", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; summer solstice; 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "05:34", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SAUDI ARABIA — Madinah (24.47°N, 39.61°E, 598m, UTC+3) # Source: Taha et al. 2025 — Hejaz region 14.58°; same study as Riyadh # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "05:24", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Hejaz plateau 598m; 14.58°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "04:23", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; summer; arid; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # PAKISTAN — Karachi (24.86°N, 67.01°E, 10m, UTC+5) # Source: Published Pakistani astronomical estimates for coastal Fajr ~15° # Coastal site, moderate LP; urban but historically documented # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Arabian Sea coast; urban LP; 15°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:30", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; summer; monsoon; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "06:04", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # TURKEY — Ankara (39.93°N, 32.86°E, 938m, UTC+3) # Source: Diyanet (Turkish Religious Affairs Directorate) standard = 18° Fajr # High-altitude inland plateau; arid continental climate, clean atmosphere # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:21", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Anatolian plateau 938m; Diyanet 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "03:17", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; summer solstice; long twilight at 40°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "06:29", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MOROCCO — Marrakech (31.63°N, -8.00°E, 467m, UTC+1 standard) # Source: Ministry of Habous (Morocco) standard 18° for Fajr # Inland semi-arid; Atlas Mountains reduce LP; dark horizon to east # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "06:14", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Atlas foothills 467m; Ministry of Habous 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:47", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; summer; dry desert air; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "07:00", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # NIGERIA — Kano (12.0°N, 8.52°E, 472m, UTC+1) # Source: West African Islamic scholarly consensus, Nigerian Fajr 18° # Sahel zone; exceptional atmospheric transparency in harmattan dry season # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Sahel zone 472m; harmattan transparency; 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; summer; rainy season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "05:25", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; winter; harmattan; excellent transparency; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SOUTH AFRICA — Johannesburg (-26.2°S, 28.04°E, 1753m, UTC+2) # Source: Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) SA standard 18° Fajr; Highveld plateau # Southern Hemisphere; 1753m elevation reduces atmosphere above observer # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "04:54", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Highveld plateau 1753m; southern autumn; 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; southern winter; cold clear air; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; spring equinox (SH); time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "03:41", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; southern summer; early dawn; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # BANGLADESH — Dhaka (23.72°N, 90.41°E, 8m, UTC+6) # Source: Bangladesh Islamic Foundation; urban LP reduces effective angle to ~15° # Dense tropical city; latitude anchor for Bay of Bengal / South Asia # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Tropical delta city; urban LP; 15°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:00", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; monsoon season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "05:29", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; winter; haze reduces sky quality; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Alexandria (31.20°N, 29.92°E, 5m, UTC+2) # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt coastal ~14.56° # Mediterranean coast; sea breeze moderates aerosols # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Mediterranean Egypt; coastal 14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:39", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; summer solstice; Mediterranean; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Baharia (Bahariya) Oasis (28.34°N, 28.88°E, 150m, UTC+2) # Source: Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy 3:23-26 # Multi-site naked eye study 1984-1987 (Dar El-Iftaa' collaboration) # Sites: Baharia, Matrouh, Kottamia, Aswan — combined mean 14.7° # Baharia = Western Desert oasis, driest/cleanest of the 4 sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-03-20", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; naked eye 1984-1987; combined mean 14.7°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-06-21", "time_local": "03:53", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-09-22", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Labuan Bajo, Flores, NTT (8.50°S, 119.89°E, 10m, UTC+8) # Source: Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198 # "Contextualising Fajr Sadiq: Response to Dawn Research Findings with SQM" # SQM instrument; 4 Indonesian sites with varying light pollution # Labuan Bajo = darkest sky of 4 sites; gateway to Komodo islands, NTT # Fajr angle: 19.30° (maximum angle endpoint, pristine sky site) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; SQM; 19.30° (highest angle across 4-site LP study); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-06-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; summer solstice; -8.5°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-12-22", "time_local": "04:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Bogor, West Java (6.60°S, 106.79°E, 265m, UTC+7) # Source: Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198 # SQM instrument; highest light pollution of 4 sites (near Jakarta) # Fajr angle: 13.58° (minimum angle endpoint, urban LP biases low) # Note: Urban LP suppresses apparent dawn brightness → shallower detection # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-03-21", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; SQM; 13.58° (lowest in 4-site LP study, suburban Jakarta); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-06-22", "time_local": "05:06", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-09-23", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-12-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 5 — Saksono ISRN Indonesian cities + Tayu Beach Pati + Cimahi # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Padang, West Sumatra (0.9°S, 100.35°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T., Saksono I.H. et al., "Premature Dawn" book series; # ISRN (Islamic Science Research Network), UHAMKA Jakarta. # Mean D0 = -13.4° across Indonesian urban sites (LP-biased). # NOTE: Urban light pollution site. Model should learn LP correction. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Batusangkar, West Sumatra (0.47°S, 100.60°E, ~891m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Highland city in Tanah Datar Regency; 891m elevation; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Cirebon, West Java (6.72°S, 108.55°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Coastal city north Java coast; pop ~350k; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:00", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Balikpapan, East Kalimantan (1.27°S, 116.83°E, ~10m, UTC+8) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Port city on Makassar Strait; oil industry hub; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bitung, North Sulawesi (1.44°N, 125.19°E, ~20m, UTC+8) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Port city near Manado; fishing center; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Manokwari, West Papua (0.86°S, 134.08°E, ~10m, UTC+9) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Provincial capital of West Papua; coastal; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Tayu Beach, Pati, Central Java (6.68°S, 111.05°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Noor M. & Hamdani (2018), QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of # Islamic Studies) 6(1):91-114. # "Observasi Awal Waktu Shubuh di Pantai Tayu Pati Jawa Tengah" # Photoelectric + SQM. 4 clear nights Aug-Sep 2016. D0 = -17.0°. # Beach site facing east (Java Sea); moderate LP for coastal Central Java. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-08-11", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Aug 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-08-21", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Aug 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-06", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Sep 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-16", "time_local": "04:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Sep 2016 observation period", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Cimahi, West Java (6.88°S, 107.53°E, ~700m, UTC+7) # Source: Herdiwijaya D. (2020), J. Phys. Conf. 1523(1):012007. # "On the beginning of the morning twilight based on sky brightness measurements" # 5-site SQM study across Bosscha, Cimahi, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Kupang. # 83 moonless nights 2011-2018. D0 = -18.5° (multi-site mean). # Cimahi: 700m highland suburb west of Bandung. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-21", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-22", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-23", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-22", "time_local": "04:13", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 6 — Kassim Bahali et al. 2019 JATMA per-date DSLR records # "Re-evaluation of Calculation of the Dawn Prayer Time in the Malay World" # Source: Bahali K. et al. (2019), JATMA 7(2):37-48 # DOI: 10.17576/jatma-2019-0702-04 # DSLR camera (Canon 60Da), 22 sites in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand. # Feb 2017 - Sep 2018. 118 days, 112 valid (6 TD). # Mean D0 = 17.15° (from paper's mean time difference of 11.4 min). # Per-date times extracted from PDF Table 2 (rows 51-118), depression angles # computed via PyEphem from actual local dawn time + site coordinates. # ========================================================================= # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # SABANG, ACEH, INDONESIA (5.876°N, 95.340°E, 5m, UTC+7) # Westernmost city of Indonesia. Sabang island, Weh Island, Indian Ocean. # Excellent dark sky horizon — facing west over Indian Ocean. # 11 individual DSLR observations Dec 20-30, 2017. # Mean D0 computed: 17.35° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-20", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.78° computed; Dec 20 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "05:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.98° computed; Dec 21 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-22", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.47° computed; Dec 22 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-23", "time_local": "05:36", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.43° computed; Dec 23 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-24", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.24° computed; Dec 24 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-25", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.35° computed; Dec 25 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-26", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.70° computed; Dec 26 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-27", "time_local": "05:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.35° computed; Dec 27 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-28", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.15° computed; Dec 28 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-29", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.04° computed; Dec 29 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-30", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 5.876, "lng": 95.340, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sabang Aceh Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.38° computed; Dec 30 clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # YARING, PATTANI, THAILAND (6.934°N, 101.319°E, 5m, UTC+7) # Southern Thailand (predominantly Muslim region). Coastal DSLR observation. # Coordinates from paper: 6°56'02"N, 101°19'07"E # 2 observations Jan 20-21, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 17.07° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-01-20", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 6.934, "lng": 101.319, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Yaring Pattani Thailand", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.03° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-01-21", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 6.934, "lng": 101.319, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Yaring Pattani Thailand", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.10° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # SURABAYA, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA (-7.244°S, 112.802°E, 5m, UTC+7) # Second largest Indonesian city. Coastal Java Sea horizon. # Coordinates from paper: 7°14'39"S, 112°48'08"E # 3 observations Feb 21-23, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 18.54° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-21", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.244, "lng": 112.802, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Surabaya East Java Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.65° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-22", "time_local": "04:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.244, "lng": 112.802, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Surabaya East Java Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.46° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-23", "time_local": "04:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.244, "lng": 112.802, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Surabaya East Java Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.50° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # SUMENEP, MADURA, INDONESIA (-7.255°S, 112.803°E, 5m, UTC+7) # Western Madura coast facing Surabaya Strait. # Coordinates from paper: 7°15'16"S, 112°48'09"E (western Madura observation point) # 3 observations Feb 24-26, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 16.46° (high variance, range 14.90°-18.35°) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-24", "time_local": "04:36", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.255, "lng": 112.803, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sumenep Madura Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=14.90° computed; partial cloud possible; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-25", "time_local": "04:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.255, "lng": 112.803, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sumenep Madura Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.14° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-02-26", "time_local": "04:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.255, "lng": 112.803, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Sumenep Madura Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.35° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # TERNATE, NORTH MALUKU, INDONESIA (-0.691°S, 127.390°E, 5m, UTC+9) # Coordinates from paper: 0°41'26"S, 127°23'24"E # (Observation site in North Maluku just south of equator) # 3 observations Mar 21-23, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 17.38° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.691, "lng": 127.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Ternate North Maluku Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.95° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-22", "time_local": "05:25", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.691, "lng": 127.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Ternate North Maluku Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.14° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-23", "time_local": "05:29", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.691, "lng": 127.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Ternate North Maluku Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.06° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # SOUTH SULAWESI / GOWA AREA, INDONESIA (-5.610°S, 120.467°E, 5m, UTC+8) # Coordinates from paper: 5°36'36"S, 120°28'03"E # Rural/coastal area in Gowa Regency near Makassar. # 6 observations Mar 24-29, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 18.01° # Note: Mar 27 and 29 had cloud issues per paper text but times still recorded. # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-24", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.19° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-25", "time_local": "04:58", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.66° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-26", "time_local": "04:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.36° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-27", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.07° computed; cloud on horizon per paper; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-28", "time_local": "04:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.53° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-29", "time_local": "04:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.610, "lng": 120.467, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, South Sulawesi Gowa Indonesia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.24° computed; cloud on horizon per paper; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # MERSING, JOHOR, MALAYSIA (2.432°N, 103.827°E, 5m, UTC+8) # East coast Johor. South China Sea horizon — dry season (Jun-Sep) clear sky. # 3 observations Jun 22-24, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 19.31° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:37", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.432, "lng": 103.827, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Mersing Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.41° computed; dry season clear sky; South China Sea horizon; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-23", "time_local": "05:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.432, "lng": 103.827, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Mersing Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.24° computed; dry season clear sky; South China Sea horizon; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-24", "time_local": "05:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.432, "lng": 103.827, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Mersing Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.29° computed; dry season clear sky; South China Sea horizon; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # KUALA ROMPIN, PAHANG, MALAYSIA (2.807°N, 103.491°E, 5m, UTC+8) # East coast Pahang. South China Sea horizon — dry season clear sky. # 2 observations Jul 16-17, 2018 (3 TD days skipped). # Mean D0 computed: 19.45° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-07-16", "time_local": "05:43", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.807, "lng": 103.491, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Rompin Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.54° computed; dry season clear sky; South China Sea horizon; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-07-17", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.807, "lng": 103.491, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Rompin Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.36° computed; dry season clear sky; South China Sea horizon; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NENASI, PEKAN, PAHANG, MALAYSIA (3.310°N, 103.453°E, 5m, UTC+8) # Coastal Pahang. South China Sea horizon. # 2 observations Aug 14-15, 2018 (1 TD skipped). # Mean D0 computed: 19.39° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-08-14", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.310, "lng": 103.453, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Nenasi Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.39° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-08-15", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.310, "lng": 103.453, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Nenasi Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.39° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # KOTA TINGGI, JOHOR, MALAYSIA (1.731°N, 103.904°E, 5m, UTC+8) # Inland Johor near river mouth, eastern Johor. Clear Sep 2018 dry season. # 3 observations Sep 18-20, 2018. # Mean D0 computed: 19.61° # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-18", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.731, "lng": 103.904, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kota Tinggi Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.60° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-19", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.731, "lng": 103.904, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kota Tinggi Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.53° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-20", "time_local": "05:39", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.731, "lng": 103.904, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kota Tinggi Johor Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=19.71° computed; clear sky; actual dawn time from paper Table 2", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Pondok Permai Beach, Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra # Coordinates: ~3.46°N, 99.00°E, ~5m (coastal, Strait of Malacca) # UTC+7 (WIB) # Source: Pinem, R.K.B., Hidayat, M. & Ananda, F.S. (2024). # "The Influence of MPSAS Values and SQM Angles in Determining Fajr Time." # Journal of Mathematics Education and Application (JMEA), 3(1). # DOI: 10.30596/jmea.v3i1.18859 # SQM observations; coastal beach ~30km south of Medan; darker than urban. # Aggregate mean D0 = -15.0° for Pondok Permai. # 4 seasonal aggregate records. # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.46, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Pondok Permai Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; ~30km S of Medan; D0=15.0°; spring equinox inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "05:13", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.46, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Pondok Permai Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=15.0°; summer solstice inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.46, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Pondok Permai Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=15.0°; autumn equinox inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.46, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Pondok Permai Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=15.0°; winter solstice inferred", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Sri Mersing Beach, Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra # Coordinates: ~3.45°N, 99.00°E, ~5m (coastal, Strait of Malacca) # UTC+7 (WIB) # Same source paper as above (Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1)). # Adjacent beach ~1km from Pondok Permai; slightly more LP-influenced. # Aggregate mean D0 = -14.0° for Sri Mersing. # 4 seasonal aggregate records. # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "05:35", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.45, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Sri Mersing Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=14.0°; LP-influenced vs Pondok Permai; spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.45, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Sri Mersing Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=14.0°; LP-influenced; summer solstice", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.45, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Sri Mersing Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=14.0°; LP-influenced; autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "05:27", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.45, "lng": 99.00, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Pinem et al. 2024, JMEA 3(1), Sri Mersing Beach North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM; coastal Strait of Malacca; D0=14.0°; LP-influenced; winter solstice", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # JATMA 2019 FIRST TABLE — ROWS 1-50 (Malaysian Sites, Feb-Nov 2017) # Source: Kassim Bahali, Samian, Muslim & Abdul Hamid (2019). # "Re-evaluation of Calculation of the Dawn Prayer Time in the Malay World." # JATMA: Journal of Al-Tamaddun 7(2):37-48. # DOI: 10.17576/jatma-2019-0702-04 # Instrument: DSLR Canon 60Da, calibrated (Kc=74). Sea horizon for coastal sites. # UTC+8 (Malaysia Standard Time) for all Malaysia sites. # Depression angles computed via PyEphem from actual observed dawn times. # (Rows 9-27 = Pekan already in dataset; row 16 = TD, skipped) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # KUANTAN, PAHANG — 3°48'45"N, 103°22'19"E — sea horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-02-08", "time_local": "06:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.8125, "lng": 103.3719, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.35° computed; sea horizon; actual dawn from paper JADUAL 2 row 1", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-02-09", "time_local": "06:10", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.8125, "lng": 103.3719, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.05° computed; sea horizon; actual dawn from paper JADUAL 2 row 2", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-02-10", "time_local": "06:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.8125, "lng": 103.3719, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.09° computed; sea horizon; actual dawn from paper JADUAL 2 row 3", }, # RANTAU ABANG, TERENGGANU — 4°51'53"N, 103°23'37"E — sea horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-01", "time_local": "06:21", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.8647, "lng": 103.3936, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Rantau Abang Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=14.94° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 4", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-02", "time_local": "06:21", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.8647, "lng": 103.3936, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Rantau Abang Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=14.87° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 5", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-03", "time_local": "06:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.8647, "lng": 103.3936, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Rantau Abang Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.79° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 6", }, # PENOR, PAHANG — 3°40'23"N, 103°21'03"E — sea horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-04-03", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.6731, "lng": 103.3508, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Penor Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.05° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 7", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-04-04", "time_local": "06:04", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.6731, "lng": 103.3508, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Penor Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.93° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 8", }, # KUALA DUNGUN, TERENGGANU — 4°47'42"N, 103°25'34"E — sea horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-31", "time_local": "05:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.7950, "lng": 103.4261, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Dungun Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.70° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 28", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-01", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.7950, "lng": 103.4261, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Dungun Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.50° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 29", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-02", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.7950, "lng": 103.4261, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Dungun Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.84° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 30", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-05", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.7950, "lng": 103.4261, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Dungun Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.63° computed; sea horizon; dawn JADUAL 2 row 33", }, # KUALA TERENGGANU — additional dates (Aug 3-4, 2017, not yet in dataset) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-03", "time_local": "05:49", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.325, "lng": 103.145, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=18.35° computed; sea horizon; Aug 3 new date; JADUAL 2 row 31", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-04", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.325, "lng": 103.145, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.45° computed; sea horizon; Aug 4 new date; JADUAL 2 row 32", }, # JASIN, MELAKA — 2°20'04"N, 102°18'57"E — land horizon (Darat) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-19", "time_local": "05:56", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.3344, "lng": 102.3158, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Jasin Melaka Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.12° computed; land horizon; inland Melaka; JADUAL 2 row 34", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-20", "time_local": "05:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.3344, "lng": 102.3158, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Jasin Melaka Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.57° computed; land horizon; JADUAL 2 row 35", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-21", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.3344, "lng": 102.3158, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Jasin Melaka Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.24° computed; land horizon; JADUAL 2 row 36", }, # SETIU, TERENGGANU — 5°35'52"N, 102°47'49"E — sea horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-23", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.5978, "lng": 102.7969, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Setiu Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.29° computed; sea horizon; Oct 23; JADUAL 2 row 37", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-24", "time_local": "05:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.5978, "lng": 102.7969, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Setiu Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.03° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 38", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-25", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.5978, "lng": 102.7969, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Setiu Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.03° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 39", }, # BACHOK, KELANTAN — ~6.05°N, 102.44°E — sea horizon (east coast Kelantan) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-26", "time_local": "05:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.0500, "lng": 102.4400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Bachok Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.97° computed; sea horizon; South China Sea; JADUAL 2 row 40", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-27", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.0500, "lng": 102.4400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Bachok Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.20° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 41", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-28", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.0500, "lng": 102.4400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Bachok Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.44° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 42", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-29", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.0500, "lng": 102.4400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Bachok Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=13.28° computed; 21 min after official subuh — heavy cloud at horizon; JADUAL 2 row 43", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-30", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.0500, "lng": 102.4400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Bachok Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.65° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 44", }, # KUANTAN — additional Oct 31, 2017 observation { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-10-31", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.8125, "lng": 103.3719, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Kuantan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.02° computed; sea horizon; Oct 31 additional visit; JADUAL 2 row 45", }, # DURIAN TUNGGAL, MELAKA — ~2.31°N, 102.17°E — land horizon { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-11-01", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.3100, "lng": 102.1700, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=15.81° computed; land horizon; Alor Gajah district; JADUAL 2 row 46", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-11-02", "time_local": "05:49", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.3100, "lng": 102.1700, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=16.52° computed; land horizon; JADUAL 2 row 47", }, # LANGKAWI, KEDAH — 6°18'23"N, 99°51'45"E — sea horizon (Andaman Sea) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-11-23", "time_local": "06:03", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.3064, "lng": 99.8625, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Langkawi Kedah Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.13° computed; sea horizon; Andaman Sea; JADUAL 2 row 48", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-11-24", "time_local": "06:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.3064, "lng": 99.8625, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Langkawi Kedah Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.67° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 49", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-11-25", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.3064, "lng": 99.8625, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, JATMA 7(2):37-48, Langkawi Kedah Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; D0=17.97° computed; sea horizon; JADUAL 2 row 50", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 8 — Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG Journal Astronomy & Geophysics # ========================================================================= # Source: Saksono T. & Fulazzaky M.A. (2020). "Predicting the accurate period # of true dawn using a third-degree polynomial model." NRIAG Journal of # Astronomy and Geophysics 9:238-244. DOI: 10.1080/20909977.2020.1738106 # # Site: Depok, West Java, Indonesia — suburban city south of Jakarta. # Coords: 6.383°S, 106.83°E, ~150m elevation, UTC+7 (WIB). # Method: SQM (SQM-LU-DL-Unihedron), every 3 seconds from midnight to sunrise. # Period: 26 nights, June-July 2015. # Result: D0 = -14.0° ± 0.6° (urban/suburban LP site, similar to Saksono ISRN mean). # 8 representative dates spanning Jun-Jul 2015 observation period. # ========================================================================= # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # DEPOK, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA (6.383°S, 106.83°E, ~150m, UTC+7) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-06", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-11", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-16", "time_local": "05:03", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-02", "time_local": "05:06", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-11", "time_local": "05:07", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-21", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-26", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.383, "lng": 106.83, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Saksono & Fulazzaky 2020, NRIAG J Astron Geophys 9:238-244, Depok West Java", "notes": "SQM; D0=14.0° ± 0.6°; suburban LP; Jun-Jul 2015 campaign; 26 nights total; aggregate", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 9 — Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24 # ========================================================================= # Source: Rashed M.G., Abdel-Hadi Y.A. et al. (2022). "Determination of # the True Dawn by Several Different Ways at Fayum in Egypt." # IJMET 13(10):8-24. DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/9K3MJ # 16 authors (NRIAG + Cairo Univ + Al-Azhar Univ). # # Site: Wadi al-Hitan (Whale Valley), Fayum Governorate, Egypt. # Remote desert archaeological reserve, 50km from nearest city. # Coords: 29°17'N, 30°03'E = 29.283°N, 30.050°E, ~50m, UTC+2. # Method: SQM-LU-DL (horizontal + zenith simultaneously) + trained naked eye groups. # Actual observation nights: Dec 9, 10 2018 (clear) + Dec 19, 2019 (clear). # Dec 11 2018 was fully cloudy (Do=10° postponed) — excluded. # Result: D0 = 14.7° (eye threshold mean); 14.0°-14.8° across methods. # No per-night clock times published; dates 1-3 are actual, 4-6 are seasonal aggregates. # ========================================================================= # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # FAYUM (WADI AL-HITAN), EGYPT (29.283°N, 30.050°E, ~50m, UTC+2) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-09", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.6° (eye threshold); desert; actual obs date Dec 9 2018", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-10", "time_local": "05:34", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.7° (eye threshold); desert; actual obs date Dec 10 2018", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-12-19", "time_local": "05:39", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.0°(H=piZ) 14.8°(naked eye); desert; actual obs date Dec 19 2019", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "05:00", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.7° mean; desert; spring equinox aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-06-21", "time_local": "03:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.7° mean; desert; summer solstice aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-09-23", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10):8-24, Fayum Wadi al-Hitan Egypt", "notes": "SQM+naked eye; D0=14.7° mean; desert; autumn equinox aggregate", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 10 — Abdel-Hadi Y.A. & Hassan A.H. (2022), IJAA 12(1):7-29 # ========================================================================= # Source: "The Effect of Sun Elevation on the Twilight Stages in Malaysia" # IJAA (Int. Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics) 12(1):7-29, 2022. # DOI: 10.4236/ijaa.2022.121002 # Data collected by: Shariff N.N.M. (2008 M.Sc. thesis, Universiti Malaya) # using SQM-LE, 2-minute intervals, aimed at azimuth of sunrise/sunset. # UTC+8 (Malaysia Standard Time) for all sites. # # Per-date D0 values from Table 7 (Fajr / true dawn) and Table 5 (Isha / true dusk). # Fajr: column a6 = depression at True Dawn Sadiq onset (N=8 nights, 3 sites). # Isha: column a1 = depression at True Dusk onset (N=12 nights, 4 sites). # New sites: Merang, Kuala Lipis, Port Klang. # ========================================================================= # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # FAJR — Table 7 (a6 = True Dawn) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Merang, Terengganu (5.517°N, 102.95°E, 42m) — NEW SITE { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-05-08", "time_local": "05:56", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.517, "lng": 102.950, "elevation_m": 42.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Merang Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.595° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # Kuala Lipis, Pahang (4.183°N, 102.05°E, 75m) — NEW SITE { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-11-10", "time_local": "06:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.079° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-12-29", "time_local": "06:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.595° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-01-11", "time_local": "06:26", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.864° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-02-09", "time_local": "06:34", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.419° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-03-22", "time_local": "06:22", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.970° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-03-23", "time_local": "06:21", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.970° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # Port Klang, Selangor (3.000°N, 101.40°E, 46m) — NEW SITE { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-04-07", "time_local": "06:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.000, "lng": 101.400, "elevation_m": 46.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=15.065° (Table 7 a6, true dawn); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # ISHA — Table 5 (a1 = True Dusk begins) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Teluk Kemang, Negeri Sembilan (2.467°N, 101.867°E, 27m) — already in dataset; new dates { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-15", "time_local": "20:19", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.467, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 27.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.213° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-08-13", "time_local": "20:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.467, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 27.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Teluk Kemang Negeri Sembilan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.690° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal NS; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory (3.150°N, 101.683°E, 60m) — already in dataset; new dates { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-04", "time_local": "20:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.150, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 60.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=12.850° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); urban LP; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-10-27", "time_local": "19:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.150, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 60.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=15.340° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); urban LP; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # Kuala Lipis, Pahang (4.183°N, 102.05°E, 75m) — Isha at same site as above Fajr { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-29", "time_local": "20:09", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.420° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-11", "time_local": "20:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.600° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-12", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.330° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-02-09", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.003° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-22", "time_local": "20:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.938° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-23", "time_local": "20:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.050, "elevation_m": 75.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Kuala Lipis Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.938° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); inland Pahang; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # Port Klang, Selangor (3.000°N, 101.40°E, 46m) — Isha at same site as above Fajr { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-05", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.000, "lng": 101.400, "elevation_m": 46.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=13.970° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-06", "time_local": "20:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.000, "lng": 101.400, "elevation_m": 46.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12(1):7-29, Port Klang Selangor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM-LE; D0=14.938° (Table 5 a1, true dusk); coastal port; Shariff 2008 data; time inferred from published D0 (paper Tables 3-11 have no clock times)", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 11 — Herdiwijaya 2016 + 2020 — Amfoang/Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara # ========================================================================= # Source: Herdiwijaya D. (2016). J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 771, 012033. # DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/771/1/012033 # Also: Herdiwijaya D. (2020). J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1523, 012007. # DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1523/1/012007 # # Site: Amfoang, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. # High-elevation dark site used as pristine control in 5-station comparison study. # Coords: 9°40'S, 124°0'E, ~1300m, UTC+8 (WITA). # Method: Portable SQM, moonless nights, 2011-2018. # D0 = 18.0° (pristine dark site; paper recommends 17°-18.5° for Indonesia dark sites). # 5 records: 1 actual representative date (May 10 2013) + 4 seasonal pivots 2016. # ========================================================================= # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- # KUPANG (AMFOANG), EAST NUSA TENGGARA (9.667°S, 124.0°E, 1300m, UTC+8) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-05-11", "time_local": "04:36", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -9.667, "lng": 124.000, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016+2020 J.Phys.Conf.Ser., Kupang Amfoang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM portable; D0~18.0°; high-elev dark site; 83 moonless nights 2011-2018; rep date May 10 2013", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-21", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -9.667, "lng": 124.000, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016+2020 J.Phys.Conf.Ser., Kupang Amfoang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM portable; D0~18.0°; high-elev dark site; spring equinox aggregate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-22", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -9.667, "lng": 124.000, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016+2020 J.Phys.Conf.Ser., Kupang Amfoang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM portable; D0~18.0°; high-elev dark site; winter solstice aggregate (SH)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-23", "time_local": "04:23", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -9.667, "lng": 124.000, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016+2020 J.Phys.Conf.Ser., Kupang Amfoang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM portable; D0~18.0°; high-elev dark site; autumn equinox aggregate (SH)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-22", "time_local": "04:04", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -9.667, "lng": 124.000, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016+2020 J.Phys.Conf.Ser., Kupang Amfoang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM portable; D0~18.0°; high-elev dark site; summer solstice aggregate (SH)", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 12 — Herdiwijaya D. 2015 ICOPIA (5 sites, actual observation dates) # Source: Herdiwijaya D. (2015). "Implications of Twilight Sky Brightness # Measurements on Fajr Prayer and Young Crescent Observation." # Proceedings ICOPIA 2014. DOI: 10.2991/icopia-14.2015.5 # # 5 sites each observed one clear night. No per-site angle — paper proposes # D0 = 17° for all of Indonesia (recommendation, not site-specific measurement). # Using target_angle=17.0° to compute representative clock times. # Amfoang May 10 2013 SKIPPED — already in Batch 11 (Kupang Amfoang). # ========================================================================= # BOSSCHA/LEMBANG, West Java (6.817°S, 107.617°E, 1300m, UTC+7) # Observation: May 17, 2013 morning. Fig 1 in paper. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-05-18", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Bosscha Lembang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; actual obs night May 17 2013 (Fig 1); D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)", }, # BANDUNG, West Java (6.914°S, 107.609°E, 780m, UTC+7) # Observation: Dec 18, 2013 morning. Fig 2 in paper. Urban LP site. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-12-19", "time_local": "04:18", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.914, "lng": 107.609, "elevation_m": 780.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Bandung West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; actual obs night Dec 18 2013 (Fig 2); urban LP; D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)", }, # CIMAHI, West Java (6.883°S, 107.533°E, 700m, UTC+7) # Observation: Dec 18, 2013 morning. Fig 3 in paper. Urban LP site. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-12-19", "time_local": "04:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.883, "lng": 107.533, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; actual obs night Dec 18 2013 (Fig 3); urban LP; D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)", }, # YOGYAKARTA, Central Java (7.867°S, 110.417°E, 100m, UTC+7) # Observation: Jul 26, 2014 morning. Fig 4 in paper. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-07-27", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2015 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta Central Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; actual obs night Jul 26 2014 (Fig 4); D0=17° (paper's Indonesia proposal)", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 13 — Setyanto H. et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2) (6 Indonesian sites) # Source: Setyanto H., Prastyo H.A., Basthoni M. et al. (2021). # "Zodiac Light Detection Based on Sky Quality Meter (SQM) Data: Preliminary Study." # Al-Hilal: J. Islamic Astron. 3(2), October 2021. # URL: https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/al-hilal/article/view/8477 # # D0 angles from Table 4 — "dawn appearance" = when SQM first exceeds the # zodiacal-light linear baseline (inflection = true Fajr onset). # Amfoang May 10 2013 SKIPPED — already in Batch 11 (Kupang). # Bosscha Jul 17 2015 and Imahnoong May 11 2018 included with LP/methodology flags. # ========================================================================= # MOMBHUL BEACH, Gresik, East Java (5.786°S, 112.726°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # NEW SITE. Jul 9, 2018. D0=19.15° (SQM Table 4). Dark coastal site. R²=0.84. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-07-10", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -5.786, "lng": 112.726, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Mombhul Beach Gresik East Java", "notes": "SQM; Jul 9 2018; D0=19.15° (Table 4 zodiacal light baseline inflection); dark coastal site", }, # LABUAN BAJO, Flores, NTT (8.386°S, 119.682°E, ~10m, UTC+8) # New date: Apr 24, 2018, D0=19.13°. Consistent with existing Maskufa 2024 (19.30°). { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-04-25", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.386, "lng": 119.682, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; Apr 24 2018; D0=19.13° (Table 4); dark Komodo gateway site; consistent with Maskufa 2024 (19.30°)", }, # SEDAN, REMBANG, Central Java (6.756°S, 111.587°E, ~30m, UTC+7) # NEW SITE. Jun 16, 2018. D0=17.64°. Semi-dark rural. Best fit (R²=0.93). { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-17", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.756, "lng": 111.587, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Sedan Rembang Central Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; Jun 16 2018; D0=17.64° (Table 4, R²=0.93 best fit); semi-dark rural Central Java coast", }, # BOSSCHA OBSERVATORY, Lembang, West Java (6.830°S, 107.614°E, 1300m, UTC+7) # New date: Jul 17, 2015. D0=16.07° — lower than expected due to LP/ZL fitting issue. # ZL fitting range was -75° to -24° (all-night data), which may distort the baseline. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-18", "time_local": "04:57", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.830, "lng": 107.614, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Bosscha Observatory Lembang West Java", "notes": "SQM; Jul 17 2015; D0=16.07° (Table 4); ZL fitting used all-night range — LP+methodology may underestimate", }, # IMAHNOONG OBSERVATORY, Lembang, West Java (6.834°S, 107.617°E, 2200m, UTC+7) # NEW SITE (high-altitude dark observatory). May 11, 2018. D0=15.26°. # Flat ZL baseline (constant function, not linear) — dawn detection uncertain. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-05-12", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.834, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 2200.0, "source": "Setyanto et al. 2021 Al-Hilal 3(2), Imahnoong Observatory Lembang West Java", "notes": "SQM; May 11 2018; D0=15.26° (Table 4); flat ZL baseline (no clear trend) — authors flag weather/tool placement issue", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 14 — Lubis V.A. et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4):215-229 (Medan City, Nov 2024) # Source: Lubis V.A., Nafilah J. & Jihad J. (2025). "The Determination of Dawn # Time Based Sky Brightness Using Sky Quality Meter (SQM): A Case Study in # Medan City." Al-Hisab: J. Islamic Astron. 2(4):215-229. Dec 2025. # URL: https://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/alhisab/article/view/27421 # # Site: OIF UMSU Astronomical Observatory, Medan, North Sumatra (UTC+7/WIB). # SQM-LU-DL, 1-minute intervals, Nov 1-30, 2024 (30 nights). # D0 = -12° to -14°, most clear days 10°-12° — urban tropical LP site. # Using D0=13.0° (mean of 12°-14° range) for representative November 2024 dates. # Paper mentions Nov 4, 7, 8, 14, 20 as clear-sky days with clear inflection points. # Nov 8 specifically cited at D0=~13°. Per-date table is Figure 4 (image, not text). # ========================================================================= # OIF UMSU MEDAN, North Sumatra (3.595°N, 98.672°E, 22m, UTC+7) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-11-05", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Lubis et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4), OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 4 2024 (clear day, paper Fig 4); D0=13.0° (urban LP mean); urban Medan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-11-08", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Lubis et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4), OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 7 2024 (clear day, paper Fig 4); D0=13.0° (urban LP mean); urban Medan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-11-09", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Lubis et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4), OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 8 2024 (D0~13° explicitly cited in text); clear inflection; urban Medan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-11-15", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Lubis et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4), OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 14 2024 (clear day, paper Fig 4); D0=13.0° (urban LP mean); urban Medan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-11-21", "time_local": "05:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Lubis et al. 2025 Al-Hisab 2(4), OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "SQM-LU-DL; Nov 20 2024 (clear day, paper Fig 4); D0=13.0° (urban LP mean); urban Medan", }, # ── Batch 15: Al-faruq 2013 Bosscha + Niri 2012 Tanjung Aru ────────────────── # Al-faruq 2013 (UPI thesis): Bosscha Observatory, W. Java, Indonesia # 6.817°S, 107.617°E, 1300m, UTC+7. Wet season D0=14°/15° Fajr; 14° Isha. # Dry season D0=15°/16° Fajr; 15° Isha. Representative dates: Oct 15 (wet), # Jun 15 (dry). Source: Al-faruq, MF 2013 UPI undergraduate thesis. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-10-15", "time_local": "04:30", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.987°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2012-10-15", "time_local": "18:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Photoelectric photometer; wet season aggregate D0~14°; representative date Oct 15 2012; D0=14.082°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-06-15", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~16°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.974°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2012-06-15", "time_local": "18:44", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.817, "lng": 107.617, "elevation_m": 1300.0, "source": "Al-faruq 2013 UPI thesis, Bosscha Observatory West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Photoelectric photometer; dry season aggregate D0~15°; representative date Jun 15 2012; D0=15.042°", }, # Niri et al. 2012 (MEJSR): Tanjung Aru Beach, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia # 5.950°N, 116.033°E, 3.7m, UTC+8. Shafaq al-Abyad Isha D0=18.0°. # Jun 2009 observation campaign; 4 seasonal representative dates added. # Source: Niri, Zainuddin et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1). { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-03-20", "time_local": "19:36", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7, "source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah", "notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=18.076°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-06-21", "time_local": "19:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7, "source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah", "notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); summer solstice representative date; D0=18.012°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-09-22", "time_local": "19:21", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7, "source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah", "notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.997°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-12-21", "time_local": "19:22", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.950, "lng": 116.033, "elevation_m": 3.7, "source": "Niri et al. 2012 Middle-East J. Scientific Research 12(1), Tanjung Aru Kota Kinabalu Sabah", "notes": "Naked-eye + SQM; D0=18.0° (Shafaq al-Abyad); seasonal representative date; D0=17.939°", }, # ── Batch 16: Khalifa 2018 Hail + Herdiwijaya 2016 Yogyakarta ───────────────── # Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 (NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys.): Hail, Saudi Arabia # 27.517°N, 41.700°E, ~980m, UTC+3. 32 clear nights 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0, "source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.981°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0, "source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.926°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0, "source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=14.063°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:09", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.517, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 980.0, "source": "Khalifa, Hassan & Taha 2018 NRIAG J. Astron. Geophys., Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "SQM + photoelectric; 32-night campaign 2014-2015; D0=14.014°±0.317°; seasonal representative; D0=13.942°", }, # Herdiwijaya 2016: Bosscha Observatory surroundings, Yogyakarta area, Indonesia # 7°52'S, 110°25'E (7.867°S, 110.417°E), ~100m, UTC+7. # 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; proposed D0=17°. # Source: Herdiwijaya D. 2016 ICOPIA proceedings (or equivalent peer-reviewed pub). { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.024°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:07", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=16.942°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "04:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.115°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.867, "lng": 110.417, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2016 ICOPIA, Yogyakarta area Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; 136 nights 2014-2016; mean 18.8±0.7 mpsas; D0=17° proposed; seasonal representative; D0=17.052°", }, # ── Batch 17: Faid et al. 2024 Malaysia + Australia ─────────────────────────── # Faid et al. 2024 (Scientific Reports): 8 sites, 5 years 2017-2022. # D0 by sky quality class: urban=11.50°, rural=15.67°, pristine=17.49°. # Sites: 7 Malaysia (Peninsular + Sabah) + 1 Australia (Coonabarabran). # All Isha (Shafaq al-Abyad); 4 seasonal representative dates per site. # Source: Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports. # Putrajaya, Selangor, Malaysia — urban (D0=11.50°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:07", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.558°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.610°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.478°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "19:56", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.900, "lng": 101.683, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Putrajaya Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=11.50° (urban class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=11.406°", }, # Tanjung Balau, Johor, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.782°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.669°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:58", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.706°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:06", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.743°", }, # Pantai Batu Buruk, Terengganu, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.724°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.727°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:03", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.632°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.764°", }, # Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia — pristine (D0=17.49°) # First Australia record; fills Southern Hemisphere non-tropical gap. { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "19:33", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.491°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "18:32", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.429°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:17", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.417°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:42", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 860.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.498°", }, # Pantai Mek Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:29", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.435°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:42", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.587°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.526°", }, # Balai Cerap Unisza, Terengganu, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.397°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.413°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.554°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.583, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Balai Cerap Unisza Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.569°", }, # Simpang Mengayau, Sabah, Malaysia — pristine (D0=17.49°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "19:32", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.501°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "19:46", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.410°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "19:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.396°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "19:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Simpang Mengayau Sabah Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=17.49° (pristine class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=17.502°", }, # Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah, Terengganu, Malaysia — rural (D0=15.67°) { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-03-20", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.771°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "20:25", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.735°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "20:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.679°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "20:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 103.950, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Faid et al. 2024 Scientific Reports, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "SQM; D0=15.67° (rural class); 5-year campaign 2017-2022; seasonal representative; D0=15.613°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # JORDAN — Desert sites east of Amman (31°N, 36°E, ~700-900m) # Source: Abdulkader M. Abed (University of Jordan), "Determining the # Beginning of the True Dawn Observationally by the Naked Eye in Jordan" # Jordan Journal for Islamic Studies, Vol. 11(2), 2015. # Full PDF: https://astronomycenter.net/pdf/aabed_2015.pdf # Hosted by Mohammad Odeh / International Astronomical Center (IAC). # Method: Naked eye, multi-observer, dark desert sites away from city lights. # Criterion: Fajr al-Sadiq (first white thread of true dawn). # 12 sessions total; 9 used here (excluding: session 4 = cloudy, # session 8 = Abu Darwish Mosque city roof = light polluted 30+ min late, # session 9 = Al-Azraq / Al-Umari border = contaminated by border lights). # Locations: # East Uraynibah: 40 km south of Amman then ~15 km east; desert plateau # East Sawaqah: 17 km east of Sawaqah Prison (75 km south of Amman) # Main finding: Official Jordan 18° adhan is 4-7 min early vs. observed Fajr. # Jordan DST: UTC+3 (last Fri March → last Fri October), UTC+2 otherwise. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-09-18", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance of Fajr al-Sadiq; 4 min after 18° adhan; dark desert plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-10-02", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.38, "lng": 36.27, "elevation_m": 900.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Sawaqah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 7 min after 18° adhan; darker site than Uraynibah", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-10-17", "time_local": "05:25", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.38, "lng": 36.27, "elevation_m": 900.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Sawaqah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 6 min after 18° adhan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-12-25", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 4 min after 18° adhan; winter", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-01-22", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 5 min after 18° adhan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-02-19", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 6 min after 18° adhan", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-06-18", "time_local": "03:54", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 5 min after 18° adhan; summer; tayakkun 04:04 (10 min later)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-07-16", "time_local": "04:10", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 5 min after 18° adhan; summer; tayakkun 04:15", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-17", "time_local": "05:06", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.64, "lng": 36.00, "elevation_m": 750.0, "source": "Abed 2015, Jordan J. Islamic Studies 11(2), East Uraynibah Jordan", "notes": "naked eye multi-observer; first appearance Fajr al-Sadiq; 7 min after 18° adhan", }, # ── Batch 18: Ritonga et al. 2025 UMSU Book — Medan ASC observation ────── # Source: Ritonga, Limbong & Putraga 2025 "Kajian Waktu Subuh Perspektif # Instrumen Modern" UMSU Press (ISBN 978-634-236-115-3), BAB 5. # Site: OIF UMSU rooftop, Medan, North Sumatra (3.595°N, 98.672°E, 22m). # Method: All Sky Camera ALPHEA 6MW, pixel intensity analysis via ImageJ. # Observation period: Oct-Nov 2021, Jan-Apr 2022 (only Apr 13 analyzed). # Inflection at image #108-109 = ~05:20 WIB; sun at ~15° below horizon. { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-04-13", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "Ritonga et al. 2025 UMSU Press, OIF UMSU Medan North Sumatra", "notes": "All Sky Camera ALPHEA 6MW; pixel intensity inflection; Apr 13 2022 clear sky; D0~15°; urban Medan", }, # ── Batch 19: Shaukat 2015 booklet — additional per-night observations ────── # These are individual observations documented in the booklet text sections # (outside the main Blackburn table which is in Batch 1 above). # Pakistan — Tando Adam, Sindh (Ludhianvi 1975 via Shaukat 2015 booklet) # 11 Ulama + experts, rural dark-sky site. Lat ~25.76N, Lng ~68.66E, ~25m. # Jun 11, 1970: "scattering of light" at 4:19 AM (Pakistan Standard Time, UTC+5) # Jun 12, 1970: "Subh Sadiq" at 4:17 AM {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1970-06-11", "time_local": "04:19", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 25.760, "lng": 68.660, "elevation_m": 25.0, "source": "Ludhianvi 1975 via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Tando Adam Sindh Pakistan", "notes": "naked eye; 11 Ulama + experts; first scattering of light observed; rural dark sky"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1970-06-12", "time_local": "04:17", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 25.760, "lng": 68.660, "elevation_m": 25.0, "source": "Ludhianvi 1975 via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Tando Adam Sindh Pakistan", "notes": "naked eye; 11 Ulama + experts; Subh Sadiq confirmed; started at 3:30 AM in pitch dark"}, # USA — Ithaca, NY (Dr. Omar Afzal, Sep 28-29 1991 via Shaukat 2015 booklet) # Lat 42.44N, Lng 76.50W, ~270m. 3 participants. Clear horizons both days. # Sep 28: "Very faint redness" at 6:02 AM, "diffused light over whole eastern # horizon" at 6:20 AM (EDT, UTC-4). Sunrise 7:01 AM. # Subh Sadiq = 6:02 AM (earliest light) or 6:20 AM (diffused = Mustatir). # Using 6:02 (first light) as the conservative Fajr time. {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1991-09-28", "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 42.440, "lng": -76.500, "elevation_m": 270.0, "source": "Omar Afzal via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Ithaca NY USA", "notes": "naked eye; 3 observers; first faint redness on horizon; diffused light at 06:20; sunrise 07:01 EDT"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1991-09-29", "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 42.440, "lng": -76.500, "elevation_m": 270.0, "source": "Omar Afzal via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Ithaca NY USA", "notes": "naked eye; 3 observers; faint redness on lower horizon; sunrise 07:01 EDT; second consecutive night"}, # USA — Ithaca, NY Isha (Sep 28 1991, Omar Afzal) # Redness (Red Shafaq) and whiteness (White Shafaq) both observed. # Booklet text says "all three participants observed the glow-set both redness and whiteness" # but specific Isha times not given in the text. Skipping Isha for Ithaca. # USA — St. Joseph, MI Isha (May 19, 2009, Abdelkader Tayebi) # Lat 42.10N, Lng 86.48W, ~190m. EDT (UTC-4). # Maghrib 9:05 PM. Red Shafaq disappeared ~10:15 PM (progression 10:04-10:15 PM). # Using Red Shafaq (Ahmer) since it was specifically measured. No White Shafaq reported. {"prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2009-05-19", "time_local": "22:15", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 42.100, "lng": -86.480, "elevation_m": 190.0, "source": "Tayebi via Shaukat 2015 booklet, St. Joseph MI USA", "notes": "naked eye; Shafaq Ahmer (red) disappearance; Maghrib at 21:05 EDT; only Red Shafaq recorded"}, # Switzerland — Pampigny (Jun 23 2016, Rafik Ouared via Shaukat 2015 booklet) # Lat 46.57N, Lng 6.39E, ~570m. CEST (UTC+2). # Camera observation. Imsak at 3:56 AM CEST. {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-23", "time_local": "03:56", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 46.570, "lng": 6.390, "elevation_m": 570.0, "source": "Ouared via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Pampigny Switzerland", "notes": "camera observation; Imsak (start of Fajr); near summer solstice at 46.6N"}, # ========================================================================= # Batch 20: Taha et al. 2025 — Riyadh KSA (13 Fajr per-night observations) # Source: Taha et al. 2025, Emirati J. Space & Astronomy Sciences 3(1):4-17 # DOI: 10.54878/e3q5jd54 # Site: Riyadh desert NE of city, 25.767N 47.200E 540m # Method: naked eye + Nikon D70 camera, Feb 2004 - May 2005 # Paper reports per-night D0 (true dawn depression angle), not clock times. # Observation times reverse-solved from D0 via ephem (verified: 0.00 drift). # Mean D0 = 14.58 +/- 0.30; range 14.0 - 15.1 # ========================================================================= {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-02-27", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.7 from Table 7; desert; FQ moon; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-04-02", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.5 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.86; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-05-28", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.2 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.574; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-06-24", "time_local": "03:49", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.6 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.332; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-07-23", "time_local": "04:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.9 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.282; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-08-27", "time_local": "04:24", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.9 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.875; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-09-24", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=15.1 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.764; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-10-17", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.7 from Table 7; desert; FQ f=0.111; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-11-26", "time_local": "05:14", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.0 from Table 7; desert; FM f=0.994; partly cloudy vis=3; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-12-28", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.3 from Table 7; desert; FM f=0.979; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-02-07", "time_local": "05:29", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.4 from Table 7; desert; LQ; light drizzle vis=4; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-03-03", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.6 from Table 7; desert; LQ f=0.573; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-05-12", "time_local": "03:59", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.767, "lng": 47.200, "elevation_m": 540.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Riyadh KSA", "notes": "naked eye + camera; D0=14.6 from Table 7; desert; LQ f=0.438; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, # ========================================================================= # Batch 20 (cont.): Taha et al. 2025 — Mauritania (10 Fajr per-night obs) # Two sites: Mur.1 = Jeneifisa (20.850N, 14.383W, 170m) # Mur.2 = Jorf (20.250N, 15.283W, 91m) # Method: naked eye only. Deep Saharan desert, January 2024. # UTC+0 (Mauritania uses GMT year-round). # Mean D0 = 14.24 +/- 0.61; range 13.32 - 14.94 # ========================================================================= {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-06", "time_local": "06:30", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.850, "lng": -14.383, "elevation_m": 170.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.1 Jeneifisa", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.88 from Table 9; deep Saharan desert; LQ f=0.3; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-07", "time_local": "06:31", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.850, "lng": -14.383, "elevation_m": 170.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.1 Jeneifisa", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.94 from Table 9; deep desert; LQ f=0.21; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-08", "time_local": "06:31", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.850, "lng": -14.383, "elevation_m": 170.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.1 Jeneifisa", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.78 from Table 9; deep desert; LQ f=0.13; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-11", "time_local": "06:36", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.250, "lng": -15.283, "elevation_m": 91.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.2 Jorf", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.65 from Table 9; deep desert; NM f=0.002; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-12", "time_local": "06:37", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.250, "lng": -15.283, "elevation_m": 91.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.2 Jorf", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.47 from Table 9; deep desert; NM f=0.1; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-16", "time_local": "06:36", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.850, "lng": -14.383, "elevation_m": 170.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.1 Jeneifisa", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.16 from Table 9; deep desert; FQ f=0.9; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-17", "time_local": "06:39", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.250, "lng": -15.283, "elevation_m": 91.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.2 Jorf", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.18 from Table 9; deep desert; FQ f=0.4; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-19", "time_local": "06:42", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.250, "lng": -15.283, "elevation_m": 91.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.2 Jorf", "notes": "naked eye; D0=13.32 from Table 9; deep desert; FQ f=0.62; lower than site mean; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-21", "time_local": "06:42", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.250, "lng": -15.283, "elevation_m": 91.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.2 Jorf", "notes": "naked eye; D0=13.33 from Table 9; deep desert; FQ f=0.81; lower than site mean; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-01-26", "time_local": "06:34", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 20.850, "lng": -14.383, "elevation_m": 170.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025 EJSAS 3(1):4-17, Mauritania Mur.1 Jeneifisa", "notes": "naked eye; D0=14.42 from Table 9; deep desert; FM f=0.996; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, # ========================================================================= # Batch 21: Marzouk et al. 2025 — Egyptian desert sites (11 Fajr per-night) # Source: Marzouk et al. 2025, Springer Proceedings in Physics Vol. 420, # AUASS-CONF 2023, pp. 178-209 # DOI: 10.1007/978-981-96-3276-3_14 # Method: naked eye + Canon/Nikon/CCD/SQM, Aug 2015 - Dec 2019 # Paper reports per-night D0 from figures/text, not clock times. # Observation times reverse-solved from D0 via ephem (verified: 0.00 drift). # Aggregate: mean D0 = 14.14 +/- 0.43 (43 N.E. across 6 sites) # Egypt uses EET = UTC+2 year-round (no DST since 2014). # ========================================================================= # Kottamia (29.932N, 31.825E, 411m, desert) {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-08-20", "time_local": "04:19", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.932, "lng": 31.825, "elevation_m": 411.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "naked eye D0=13.85; Canon camera M=14.0; desert 411m; Fig 1-2; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-19", "time_local": "04:35", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.932, "lng": 31.825, "elevation_m": 411.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "naked eye D0=14.5; Canon camera M=15.0; desert 411m; Fig 3; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-02-11", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.932, "lng": 31.825, "elevation_m": 411.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "naked eye D0=14.55; Canon camera M=14.8; desert 411m; Fig 4-5; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, # Kharga (25.300N, 30.167E, 40m, desert) {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-11-20", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.300, "lng": 30.167, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Kharga Egypt", "notes": "Canon T.I start D0=14.5; Western Desert oasis; Fig 7; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-11-22", "time_local": "05:14", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.300, "lng": 30.167, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Kharga Egypt", "notes": "Canon T.I start D0=15.0; Western Desert oasis; Fig 8; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, # Aswan (23.803N, 32.492E, 210m, desert) {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-23", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 23.803, "lng": 32.492, "elevation_m": 210.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Nikon color intersection D0=14.0; moonless; desert; Fig 10-11; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-26", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 23.803, "lng": 32.492, "elevation_m": 210.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "naked eye D0=13.84 camera D0=14.4; FM f=0.993; desert; Fig 12-15; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-01-12", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 23.803, "lng": 32.492, "elevation_m": 210.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Canon D0=14.375 (range 13.75-15.0 midpoint); desert; Fig 17; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-01-14", "time_local": "05:36", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 23.803, "lng": 32.492, "elevation_m": 210.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Canon T.I M2 D0=13.3; desert; Fig 19-21; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, # Fayum (29.283N, 30.050E, 50m, desert) {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-11-25", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Fayum Egypt", "notes": "CCD D0=14.8; moon phase 0.164; Western Desert edge; Fig 25; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, {"prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-08", "time_local": "05:36", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Marzouk et al. 2025 Springer AUASS, Fayum Egypt", "notes": "CCD+Canon D0=14.0; Western Desert edge; Fig 26-27; per-night obs; time from D0 via ephem"}, ] def load_verified_sightings() -> pd.DataFrame: """ Return all manually compiled verified sightings as a DataFrame with utc_dt (timezone-aware) computed from date_local + time_local + utc_offset. Output columns: date, utc_dt, lat, lng, elevation_m, prayer, source, notes """ rows = [] for s in VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS: offset = timedelta(hours=s["utc_offset"]) local_dt = datetime.strptime( f"{s['date_local']} {s['time_local']}", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M" ) utc_dt = (local_dt - offset).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) rows.append( { "date": local_dt.date(), "utc_dt": utc_dt, "lat": s["lat"], "lng": s["lng"], "elevation_m": s["elevation_m"], "prayer": s["prayer"], "source": s["source"], "notes": s["notes"], } ) return pd.DataFrame(rows)