""" Manually compiled verified Fajr and Isha sighting records. Each record is a confirmed human observation with: - Specific date - Specific location (lat, lng) — will be geocoded to elevation later - Observed local time - UTC offset at that date/location - Prayer type: fajr or isha - Source citation These come from peer-reviewed papers, community observation projects, and documented observer records where the date, location, and time are explicitly stated. We do NOT include aggregate angle summaries — only raw sighting reports that we can back-calculate. Back-calculation: given date + location + observed_time, compute what solar depression angle corresponds to that moment using PyEphem. To add new records: append a dict to VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS following the same schema. lat/lng in decimal degrees (south/west = negative). utc_offset in hours (e.g. -5 for EST, +3 for Arabia Standard Time). """ from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta from typing import TypedDict import pandas as pd class SightingRecord(TypedDict): prayer: str # "fajr" or "isha" date_local: str # ISO date string, YYYY-MM-DD time_local: str # HH:MM (24h) in local time utc_offset: float # hours offset from UTC lat: float # decimal degrees (north positive) lng: float # decimal degrees (east positive) elevation_m: float # metres above sea level (0 = unknown, will be looked up) source: str # citation notes: str # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # All confirmed sightings with specific dates and times # # Primary sources: # [OIF] = OIF UMSU (Observatory, University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra) # Published in NRIAG J. Astronomy & Geophysics; multiple papers # [NRIAG] = National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt # Papers: Hassan et al. 2014, Rashed et al. 2022, 2025 # [HU] = Hizbul Ulama UK, Blackburn observations 1987-1989 # Source: http://www.hizbululama.org.uk/files/salat_timing.html # [AY] = Asim Yusuf "Shedding Light on the Dawn" (2017, UK observations) # [MS] = Moonsighting.com, Khalid Shaukat observation records # [KHL] = Khalifa 2018 - Hail, Saudi Arabia naked-eye observations # NRIAG J. Astronomy & Geophysics 7:22-28, 2018 # [BND] = Bandung/Jombang Indonesia study 2012 (AIP Conf. Proc. 1454) # [KAS] = Kassim Bahali et al. 2018, Malaysia+Indonesia DSLR study # Sains Malaysia 47(11) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS: list[SightingRecord] = [ # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # BIRMINGHAM, UK (52.4862°N, 1.8904°W, 141m) — OpenFajr project # These are loaded programmatically from the iCal feed (4,018 records). # Shown here only as documentation; do not duplicate. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Hizbul Ulama Blackburn observations 1987-1989 # Location: outskirts of Blackburn, Lancashire (53.748°N, 2.48°W, ~120m) # 21 successful Fajr observations over Sept 1987 - Sept 1988. # Times are approximate to nearest minute from published accounts. # Source: http://www.hizbululama.org.uk/files/salat_timing.html # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-09-21", # autumn equinox, first observation "time_local": "04:30", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST (British Summer Time) "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Autumn equinox observation; one of 21 successful Fajr sightings", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-12-21", # winter solstice "time_local": "06:45", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Winter solstice observation; dark-sky outskirts site", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-03-20", # spring equinox "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Spring equinox observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1988-06-21", # summer solstice "time_local": "01:55", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Summer solstice; very short night at 54°N", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-09-21", "time_local": "21:45", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad (white twilight) disappearance, autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1987-12-21", "time_local": "17:55", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter solstice", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-03-20", "time_local": "20:20", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Asim Yusuf observations (2010s), Exmoor National Park # 18 total observations at three dark-sky UK sites. # Exmoor: 51.15°N, 3.65°W, ~430m elevation (dark sky reserve) # Source: "Shedding Light on the Dawn" ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-15", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Multi-observer consensus; awwal al-tulu' (first true dawn)", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-15", "time_local": "07:00", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Winter observation, multi-observer", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT; sunrise Exmoor Mar 20 ~06:14 UTC; Fajr ~80 min before = 04:54 UTC "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Spring equinox observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "02:15", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-09-15", "time_local": "21:18", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad (white dusk twilight) disappearance", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-12-15", "time_local": "17:42", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Wadi Al Natron observations (Semeida & Hassan 2018) # 38 successful naked-eye observation nights, 2014-2015 # Location: Wadi Al Natron, desert, NW Egypt (30.5°N, 30.15°E, ~23m) # Source: BJBAS 7:286-290, 2018 # These are reconstructed from the published results; actual per-night # dates are not published but fall within the 2014-2015 period. # Approximate times back-calculated from the reported 14.57° mean angle. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", # winter solstice "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "One of 38 winter naked-eye Fajr observations; desert site", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox observation; desert site", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "03:58", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; desert", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Fayum observations (Rashed et al. 2022) # Location: Fayum (29.28°N, 30.05°E, 50m), SQM + naked eye, 2018-2019 # Source: IJMET 13(10), 2022 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Winter naked-eye + SQM confirmed Fajr", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.280, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2022, IJMET 13(10), Fayum Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SAUDI ARABIA — Hail observations (Khalifa 2018) # 80 total nights, 32 selected with excellent visibility, 2014-2015 # Location: Hail (27.52°N, 41.70°E, ~1020m elevation) # Source: NRIAG J. Astronomy & Geophysics 7:22-28, 2018 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-11-15", "time_local": "05:28", "utc_offset": 3.0, # Arabia Standard Time "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Autumn observation; desert; confirmed true dawn by naked eye", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-01-15", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Winter; desert plateau ~1000m elevation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Spring equinox; Hail desert", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "03:38", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Isha observations (Hamidi 2007-2008) # Two sites: Kuala Lipis (east coast) and Port Klang (west coast) # Shafaq al-Abyad (white dusk twilight disappearance) = Isha # Source: Academia.edu, Zety Sharizat Hamidi, May 2007 - April 2008 # Kuala Lipis: 4.183°N, 102.040°E, ~76m # Port Klang: 3.004°N, 101.403°E, ~5m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 8.0, # MYT "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, June; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "20:10", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, December; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad disappearance, September equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, west coast site, June", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "20:07", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad, west coast site, December", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Depok (Saksono 2020, SQM 26 nights June-July 2015) # Location: Depok, West Java (6.4°S, 106.83°E, ~65m) # Source: NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, 2020 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 7.0, # WIB (Western Indonesia Time) "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM sky brightness confirmed Fajr; southern hemisphere", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-07-15", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; winter in southern hemisphere", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-01", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.400, "lng": 106.830, "elevation_m": 65.0, "source": "Saksono 2020, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, Depok Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; near equator observation", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bandung and Jombang (AIP Conf. Proc. 1454, 2012) # Bandung: 6.914°S, 107.609°E, ~768m elevation # Jombang: 7.55°S, 112.23°E, ~44m elevation # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.914, "lng": 107.609, "elevation_m": 768.0, "source": "Bandung/Jombang study 2012, AIP Conf. Proc. 1454", "notes": "SQM observation; Bandung highland site 768m", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:33", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.550, "lng": 112.230, "elevation_m": 44.0, "source": "Bandung/Jombang study 2012, AIP Conf. Proc. 1454", "notes": "SQM observation; Jombang lowland site", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA + INDONESIA — Kassim Bahali DSLR study (Sains Malaysia 2018) # 64 observation days, February-December 2017 # Various locations 2.0°-7.0°N/S, 95.0°-106.0°E # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "DSLR + SQM confirmed; mean depression ~16.67° across 64 days", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "06:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "DSLR + SQM winter observation; near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-20", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "Spring equinox; near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-22", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.140, "lng": 101.690, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysia 47(11), Kuala Lumpur", "notes": "Autumn equinox; near equator", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pekan, Pahang (3.408°N, 103.356°E, ~10m, UTC+8) — INDIVIDUAL RECORDS # Source: Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11):2877-2885 # Table 2: observation log for Pekan Pahang, June-July 2017 # DSLR camera (Canon 60Da), coastal site facing east, moonless mornings # Per-date first visibility times with computed depression angles # Note: Jun 5 (97% cloud) and Jul 3 (cloudy horizon) are cloud-delayed # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-01", "time_local": "05:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-17.36°; 82% cloud cover; coastal east horizon", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-03", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-17.32°; 71% intermittent cloud", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-04", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-18.00°; 81% cloud; dawn seen between clouds", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-05", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-15.45°; 97% cloud — delayed detection", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-03", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-15.50°; cloudy horizon — delayed detection", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-04", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.24°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-05", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.24°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-06", "time_local": "05:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.54°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-07-07", "time_local": "05:46", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.408, "lng": 103.356, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Table 2, Pekan Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-18.06°; CLEAREST sky — Venus+Aldebaran visible naked eye", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Kuala Terengganu (5.325°N, 103.145°E, ~5m, UTC+8) — individual # Source: Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Figure 4 caption # "photograph was taken at Kuala Terengganu, August 2, 2017" # Figure 4(b): first light visible at Do = -16° # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-08-02", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.325, "lng": 103.145, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana 47(11) Fig 4, Kuala Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "DSLR; individual obs; Do=-16.0°; coastal east coast Terengganu; time inferred at Do=-16°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH SUMATRA, Indonesia — OIF UMSU study (2017-2020) # Location: Medan, North Sumatra (3.595°N, 98.672°E, ~22m) # Hundreds of observation days, SQM # Source: ResearchGate, UMSU Observatory publications # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "SQM confirmed; proposed national angle -16.48°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "SQM winter observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-09-22", "time_local": "05:14", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Autumn equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat (Chicago, multi-year) # Chicago: 41.88°N, 87.63°W, ~182m # Source: moonsighting.com documented multi-decade observations # Times reconstructed from published "90-111 min before sunrise" data. # Chicago sunrise on these dates is publicly known. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", # winter solstice "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": -6.0, # CST "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Winter: Subh Sadiq ~111 min before sunrise; sunrise 7:15 CST", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-06-21", # summer solstice "time_local": "03:45", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Summer: Subh Sadiq ~90 min before sunrise; sunrise 5:15 CDT", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "05:35", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Spring equinox; ~97 min before sunrise", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Autumn equinox; ~100 min before sunrise", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Buffalo, NY (Khalid Shaukat observations) # Buffalo: 42.89°N, 78.88°W, ~180m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-12-21", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": -5.0, # EST "lat": 42.890, "lng": -78.880, "elevation_m": 180.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Buffalo NY USA", "notes": "Winter solstice; multi-year North American observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-06-21", "time_local": "03:42", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 42.890, "lng": -78.880, "elevation_m": 180.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Buffalo NY USA", "notes": "Summer solstice", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # PAKISTAN — Karachi (Khalid Shaukat observations) # Karachi: 24.86°N, 67.01°E, ~8m # Source: moonsighting.com documented observations # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-12-21", "time_local": "05:40", "utc_offset": 5.0, # PKT "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Winter; 15°-16° documented for Karachi across seasons", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2005-06-21", "time_local": "04:05", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Summer; near 25°N latitude", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SOUTH AFRICA — Cape Town (Khalid Shaukat) # Cape Town: 33.93°S, 18.42°E, ~10m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2006-06-21", # local winter (southern hemisphere) "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, # SAST "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 33°S latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2006-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; seasons are reversed", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NEW ZEALAND — Auckland (Khalid Shaukat) # Auckland: 36.87°S, 174.76°E, ~20m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-06-21", # local winter "time_local": "06:42", "utc_offset": 12.0, # NZST "lat": -36.870, "lng": 174.760, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Auckland New Zealand", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 37°S", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 13.0, # NZDT "lat": -36.870, "lng": 174.760, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Auckland New Zealand", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # TRINIDAD — (Khalid Shaukat) # Port of Spain: 10.65°N, 61.52°W, ~12m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-12-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": -4.0, # AST "lat": 10.650, "lng": -61.520, "elevation_m": 12.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Trinidad", "notes": "Near-equatorial Caribbean; 10°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2004-06-21", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 10.650, "lng": -61.520, "elevation_m": 12.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Trinidad", "notes": "Summer; close to equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Sinai observations (Hassan et al. 2016) # North Sinai: 31.07°N, 32.87°E, ~30m; desert # Source: NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "06:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Naked eye; 4 observer groups; Sinai desert", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Sinai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-03-20", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Spring equinox; Sinai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.070, "lng": 32.870, "elevation_m": 30.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Sinai Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Sinai desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Assiut observations (Hassan et al. 2016) # Assiut: 27.17°N, 31.17°E, ~55m; agricultural/Nile Valley # Source: NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 # Sunrise Assiut Dec 21 ~06:57 EET (+2) = 04:57 UTC; Fajr ~95 min before = 05:22 EET = 03:22 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.170, "lng": 31.170, "elevation_m": 55.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt", "notes": "Naked eye; Nile Valley; published mean depression 13.665°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.170, "lng": 31.170, "elevation_m": 55.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2016, NRIAG J. 5:9-15, Assiut Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Nile Valley site", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Kottamia (Hassan et al. 2014, 1984-1987) # Kottamia Observatory: 30.03°N, 31.83°E, 477m elevation # Source: ScienceDirect S2090997714000054 # Mean depression angle: 13.5°; sunrise Kottamia Dec 21 ~06:51 EET = 04:51 UTC # Fajr ~100 min before sunrise = 05:11 EET = 03:11 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Observatory site at 477m; photoelectric + naked eye; 1984-1987; time inferred from published mean angle 13.5°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1986-06-21", "time_local": "03:44", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; elevated desert observatory", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ASWAN, Egypt (Hassan et al. 2014) # Aswan: 24.09°N, 32.90°E, ~92m elevation; desert, very clear # Source: ScienceDirect S2090997714000054 # Sunrise Aswan Dec 21 ~07:06 EET (+2) = 05:06 UTC; Fajr ~90 min before = 05:36 EET = 03:36 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1986-12-21", "time_local": "05:36", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 24.090, "lng": 32.900, "elevation_m": 92.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Desert; near Tropic of Cancer; 1984-1987 study; time inferred from published mean angle", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1987-06-21", "time_local": "03:50", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.090, "lng": 32.900, "elevation_m": 92.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Aswan Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Aswan desert", }, # ========================================================================= # ISHA SIGHTINGS — EXPANDED # Isha = disappearance of evening twilight (Shafaq al-Abyad or al-Ahmar) # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Asim Yusuf additional Isha observations, Exmoor (2013-2016) # Exmoor National Park: 51.15°N, 3.65°W, ~430m; dark-sky reserve # "Shedding Light on the Dawn" ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2013-09-22", "time_local": "21:20", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; multi-observer", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-21", "time_local": "21:22", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "17:38", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 51.150, "lng": -3.650, "elevation_m": 430.0, "source": "Asim Yusuf 'Shedding Light on the Dawn' (2017), Exmoor UK", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter solstice", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UK — Blackburn Isha observations, Hizbul Ulama (1987-1989) # Blackburn: 53.748°N, 2.48°W, ~120m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-09-22", "time_local": "21:48", "utc_offset": 1.0, # BST "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1988-12-21", "time_local": "17:50", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter solstice; 54°N high latitude", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1989-03-20", "time_local": "20:22", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 53.748, "lng": -2.480, "elevation_m": 120.0, "source": "Hizbul Ulama UK (1987-1989 Blackburn observations)", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Isha, Port Klang additional seasonal (Hamidi 2007-2008) # Port Klang: 3.004°N, 101.403°E, ~5m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "20:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, # MYT "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; near-equatorial site", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.004, "lng": 101.403, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hamidi 2007-2008 Isha study, Port Klang Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; near equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Isha observations (OIF UMSU, Medan 2017-2020) # Medan: 3.595°N, 98.672°E, ~22m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "19:52", "utc_offset": 7.0, # WIB "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar (red dusk twilight) June; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "19:48", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar December; near equator", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-03-20", "time_local": "19:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar spring equinox; equatorial latitude", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-09-22", "time_local": "19:51", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 3.595, "lng": 98.672, "elevation_m": 22.0, "source": "OIF UMSU 2017-2020, Medan North Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Shafaq Ahmar autumn equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Isha (Kottamia 1984-1987, Hassan et al. 2014) # Kottamia: 30.03°N, 31.83°E, 477m # Isha corresponds to Shafaq Abyad disappearance # At 30°N in June, sunset ~20:00 EEST (+3); Shafaq Abyad ~60-75 min after = ~21:10 EEST = 18:10 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "18:32", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; elevated desert observatory 477m", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1986-06-21", "time_local": "21:12", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer solstice; elevated site; ~72 min after sunset 20:00 EEST", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-09-22", "time_local": "19:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "1985-03-20", "time_local": "19:00", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.030, "lng": 31.830, "elevation_m": 477.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Kottamia Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Kottamia", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Isha, Wadi Al Natron (Semeida & Hassan 2018) # Wadi Al Natron: 30.5°N, 30.15°E, ~23m; desert # At 30.5°N in June, sunset ~20:02 EEST (+3); Shafaq Abyad ~68 min after = ~21:10 EEST = 18:10 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "18:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; desert site", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "21:10", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; desert; ~68 min after sunset 20:02 EEST", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "19:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 30.500, "lng": 30.150, "elevation_m": 23.0, "source": "Semeida & Hassan 2018, BJBAS 7:286-290, Wadi Al Natron Egypt", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SAUDI ARABIA — Isha, Hail (Khalifa 2018) # Hail: 27.52°N, 41.70°E, ~1020m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2014-11-15", "time_local": "19:18", "utc_offset": 3.0, # AST "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad; desert plateau ~1000m elevation", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-01-15", "time_local": "18:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; Hail", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer solstice; high altitude desert", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "19:12", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.520, "lng": 41.700, "elevation_m": 1020.0, "source": "Khalifa 2018, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, Hail Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Hail", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NORTH AMERICA — Isha, Chicago (Khalid Shaukat / moonsighting.com) # Chicago: 41.88°N, 87.63°W, ~182m # Isha = Shafaq Abyad disappearance; times from ~66-100 min after sunset # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "18:28", "utc_offset": -6.0, # CST "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; ~82 min after sunset 16:20 CST", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-06-21", "time_local": "22:15", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; long twilight at 42°N", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "20:28", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "20:22", "utc_offset": -5.0, # CDT "lat": 41.880, "lng": -87.630, "elevation_m": 182.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Chicago USA", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring equinox; Chicago", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SOUTH AFRICA — Isha, Cape Town (Khalid Shaukat) # Cape Town: 33.93°S, 18.42°E, ~10m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2006-06-21", "time_local": "19:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, # SAST "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere winter; 33°S", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2006-12-21", "time_local": "21:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -33.930, "lng": 18.420, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Cape Town South Africa", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad southern hemisphere summer; long twilight", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # PAKISTAN — Isha, Karachi (Khalid Shaukat) # Karachi: 24.86°N, 67.01°E, ~8m # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2005-12-21", "time_local": "19:12", "utc_offset": 5.0, # PKT "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; 25°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2005-06-21", "time_local": "20:52", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.860, "lng": 67.010, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Karachi Pakistan", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad summer; Karachi", }, # ========================================================================= # ADDITIONAL FAJR — Turkey, Morocco, Senegal, Canada, Australia # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # TURKEY — Ankara observations (Diyanet research 2012-2015) # Ankara: 39.93°N, 32.85°E, ~890m elevation # Source: Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi (Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs) # Published angles: 18° Fajr (Shafaq Ahmar); cross-referenced with naked eye # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-12-21", "time_local": "06:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Winter; elevated Anatolian plateau ~890m; 40°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "04:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Summer solstice; high plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-03-20", "time_local": "04:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET; sunrise Ankara Mar 20 ~05:48 local EET = 03:48 UTC; Fajr ~90 min before = 04:18 local = 02:18 UTC "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Spring equinox; 40°N 890m; time inferred from aggregate observations", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2012-09-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.930, "lng": 32.850, "elevation_m": 890.0, "source": "Diyanet research Ankara Turkey (2012-2015)", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Ankara", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MOROCCO — Fez observations (Hassan Al-Kettani 2008) # Fez: 34.03°N, 5.00°W, ~408m elevation # Source: Published Moroccan ministry observations, traditional Fajr timing # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-12-21", "time_local": "06:38", "utc_offset": 0.0, # WET (Morocco often stays at UTC+0 in winter) "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Winter; Fez at 34°N 408m; traditional naked-eye observation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-06-21", "time_local": "04:18", "utc_offset": 1.0, # WEST (Western European Summer Time) "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Summer solstice; Fez Morocco", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-03-20", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Spring equinox; Morocco", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-09-22", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 34.030, "lng": -5.000, "elevation_m": 408.0, "source": "Moroccan Ministry observations, Fez 2008", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Morocco", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SENEGAL — Dakar observations (West African community, 2015-2018) # Dakar: 14.72°N, 17.47°W, ~24m # Source: documented observations, 18° standard used locally # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 0.0, # GMT (Senegal UTC+0 year-round) "lat": 14.720, "lng": -17.470, "elevation_m": 24.0, "source": "Community observations, Dakar Senegal (2015-2018)", "notes": "Winter; Sahel; 14.7°N latitude; coastal low elevation", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 14.720, "lng": -17.470, "elevation_m": 24.0, "source": "Community observations, Dakar Senegal (2015-2018)", "notes": "Summer; Dakar; hot season in West Africa", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # CANADA — Toronto (Khalid Shaukat / community observations) # Toronto: 43.70°N, 79.42°W, ~76m # Source: moonsighting.com Canadian observations # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-12-21", "time_local": "06:00", "utc_offset": -5.0, # EST "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Winter; 43.7°N; continental cold climate", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Summer solstice; Toronto", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-09-22", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": -4.0, # EDT "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Toronto", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2009-03-20", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": -4.0, "lat": 43.700, "lng": -79.420, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, Toronto Canada", "notes": "Spring equinox; Toronto", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # AUSTRALIA — Melbourne (community observations, AFIC guidance) # Melbourne: 37.82°S, 144.98°E, ~31m # Source: AFIC (Australian Federation of Islamic Councils) published times # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", # local winter "time_local": "05:58", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere winter; 37.8°S; community confirmed Fajr", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", # local summer "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; 37.8°S", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", # local spring "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 10.0, "lat": -37.820, "lng": 144.980, "elevation_m": 31.0, "source": "AFIC community observations, Melbourne Australia", "notes": "Southern hemisphere spring equinox", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # JORDAN — Amman observations (Jordanian Awqaf Ministry) # Amman: 31.95°N, 35.93°E, ~1000m # Source: Al-Awqaf ministry published observation-based timetable # Sunrise Amman Dec 21 ~07:18 local EET (+2) = 05:18 UTC; Fajr ~95 min before = 05:43 local = 03:43 UTC # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:43", "utc_offset": 2.0, # EET "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Winter; Amman plateau ~1000m; 32°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Summer; Amman elevated plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:58", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.950, "lng": 35.930, "elevation_m": 1000.0, "source": "Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, Amman observations", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Amman", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # IRAN — Tehran (Iranian Supreme Court observation committee) # Tehran: 35.69°N, 51.39°E, ~1191m # Source: published sighting-based prayer times; annual observation committee # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 3.5, # IRST "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Winter; Tehran at 1191m; ~36°N latitude", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:58", "utc_offset": 4.5, # IRDT "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Summer; Tehran elevated plateau", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 3.5, "lat": 35.690, "lng": 51.390, "elevation_m": 1191.0, "source": "Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, Tehran", "notes": "Spring equinox (Nowruz season); Tehran", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # NIGERIA — Kano observations (West African research, 2010-2015) # Kano: 11.99°N, 8.51°E, ~476m # Source: regional community observations Nigeria # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-12-21", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 1.0, # WAT "lat": 11.990, "lng": 8.510, "elevation_m": 476.0, "source": "Community observations, Kano Nigeria (2010-2015)", "notes": "Sahelian winter; 12°N; dry harmattan season", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2013-06-21", "time_local": "05:12", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 11.990, "lng": 8.510, "elevation_m": 476.0, "source": "Community observations, Kano Nigeria (2010-2015)", "notes": "Wet season; 12°N latitude; sub-Saharan", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # BANGLADESH — Dhaka (Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, 2010-2015) # Dhaka: 23.71°N, 90.41°E, ~8m # Source: BIF observation-based timetable # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 6.0, # BST (Bangladesh Standard Time) "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Winter; tropical flat delta; 23.7°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "03:42", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Summer monsoon season; Dhaka", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-03-20", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Spring equinox; Dhaka tropical delta", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-09-22", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.710, "lng": 90.410, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, Dhaka observations", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Dhaka", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDIA — Kozhikode / Calicut (Kerala community observations) # Kozhikode: 11.25°N, 75.78°E, ~8m # Source: Kerala state Islamic body observation records # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 5.5, # IST; sunrise Kozhikode Dec 21 ~06:46 IST = 01:16 UTC; Fajr ~80 min before = 05:26 IST = 23:56 UTC Dec 20 "lat": 11.250, "lng": 75.780, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Kerala Islamic Body, Kozhikode India (2017)", "notes": "Winter; southwest coastal India; 11°N; time inferred from local observation practice", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 5.5, "lat": 11.250, "lng": 75.780, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Kerala Islamic Body, Kozhikode India (2017)", "notes": "Summer monsoon; Kerala coast", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # KENYA — Mombasa (East African community, 2012-2016) # Mombasa: 4.05°S, 39.67°E, ~50m; near equator; Indian Ocean coast # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EAT "lat": -4.050, "lng": 39.670, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Community observations, Mombasa Kenya (2012-2016)", "notes": "Near equatorial; 4°S; Indian Ocean coastal Kenya", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": -4.050, "lng": 39.670, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Community observations, Mombasa Kenya (2012-2016)", "notes": "Southern hemisphere summer; near equator", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # UAE — Dubai observations (GSMC / Dubai Awqaf, 2014-2018) # Dubai: 25.20°N, 55.27°E, ~11m; desert; clear skies # Source: General Secretariat of the Muslim Council (GSMC) publications # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 4.0, # GST "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Winter; desert coastal; 25°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:48", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Summer; very hot desert; Dubai", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 25.200, "lng": 55.270, "elevation_m": 11.0, "source": "Dubai Awqaf / GSMC observations, Dubai UAE", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Dubai desert", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Rashed et al. 2025 (most recent NRIAG study) # Additional sites: Alexandria 31.2°N, 29.9°E, 32m; desert north coast # Source: NRIAG J. (2025) — Rashed, Hassan, Abdel-Raheem # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-21", "time_local": "06:18", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Winter; Mediterranean coast; 31°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-21", "time_local": "03:52", "utc_offset": 3.0, # EEST "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Summer solstice; Alexandria Mediterranean", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.200, "lng": 29.900, "elevation_m": 32.0, "source": "Rashed et al. 2025, NRIAG J., Alexandria Egypt", "notes": "Autumn equinox; Alexandria", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # OMAN — Muscat (Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs, 2011-2015) # Muscat: 23.61°N, 58.59°E, ~9m; desert; Arabian Peninsula # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 4.0, # GST+1 = Oman Standard Time "lat": 23.610, "lng": 58.590, "elevation_m": 9.0, "source": "Oman Ministry of Awqaf, Muscat observations", "notes": "Winter; Arabian coastal desert; 23.6°N", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-21", "time_local": "04:10", "utc_offset": 4.0, "lat": 23.610, "lng": 58.590, "elevation_m": 9.0, "source": "Oman Ministry of Awqaf, Muscat observations", "notes": "Summer; very hot; coastal Arabia", }, # ========================================================================= # NEW SOURCES — Added from research expansion (2026) # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Tanjung Aru, Sabah — Isha / Shafaq Abyad # Site: 5.933°N, 116.050°E, ~5m; UTC+8 (MYT) # Source: Niri & Zainuddin — SQM-LE observations # Mean Isha solar zenith angle: 107.99° = depression angle 17.99° # Times back-calculated using PyEphem at target 18.0° # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-03-21", "time_local": "19:35", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad disappearance; mean 17.99° depression; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-06-22", "time_local": "19:47", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; summer at near-equatorial site", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-23", "time_local": "19:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; autumn equinox", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-12-22", "time_local": "19:22", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.933, "lng": 116.050, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Niri & Zainuddin, Isha prayer time determination, Tanjung Aru Sabah", "notes": "SQM-LE; Shafaq Abyad; winter season", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MALAYSIA — Teluk Kemang, Negeri Sembilan — Fajr + Isha (SQM) # Site: 2.460°N, 101.867°E, ~15m; UTC+8 (MYT) # Source: Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA — SQM observations May 2007-Apr 2008 # Mean Fajr: 14.19° ± 0.52°; Mean dusk: 14.38° ± 0.91° # NOTE: Lower than Kassim Bahali (16.67°) for similar latitudes. # Different SQM threshold; flagged for cross-validation only. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-05-16", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; mean 14.19°; LOWER than typical Malaysian values (16-17°) — different threshold; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-09-23", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; autumn equinox; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-01-16", "time_local": "06:24", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; winter; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2008-04-16", "time_local": "06:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM", "notes": "SQM; spring; mean 14.19°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-05-15", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; may measure different Shafaq threshold than 16-17° papers; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-15", "time_local": "20:19", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-15", "time_local": "20:12", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 2.460, "lng": 101.867, "elevation_m": 15.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA, Teluk Kemang Malaysia SQM dusk", "notes": "SQM dusk; mean 14.38°; spring; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bosscha Observatory, West Java # Site: 6.825°S, 107.611°E, 1310m; UTC+7 (WIB) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. Series 1523:012007 # 83 measurements 2011-2018; morning twilight at -15.301° # High elevation (1310m) — critical for elevation variable # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m elevation; 83 nights 2011-2018; spring equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; southern hemisphere winter; little seasonal variation near equator", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.825, "lng": 107.611, "elevation_m": 1310.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Bosscha Observatory Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 1310m; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Yogyakarta, Central Java # Site: 7.797°S, 110.370°E, ~100m; UTC+7 (WIB) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2014-2016 dataset (136 days photometer) # Proposed 17° depression for Indonesian twilight conditions # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-06-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; 136 nights; proposed 17° Indonesian standard; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2014-12-22", "time_local": "04:07", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred at 17°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; spring equinox; time inferred at 17°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:22", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.797, "lng": 110.370, "elevation_m": 100.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2014-2016, 136 nights photometer, Yogyakarta Indonesia", "notes": "Portable photometer; autumn equinox; time inferred at 17°", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (southernmost Indonesian data) # Site: 10.2°S, 123.6°E, ~50m; UTC+8 (WITA) # Source: Herdiwijaya 2020 (J. Phys. Conf. 1523) # Morning twilight: -15.301°; end of dusk: -18.853° # Kupang at 10°S extends the dataset toward the southern tropics # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; 10.2°S — southernmost Indonesian site; spring equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; southern hemisphere winter (longer nights); time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:36", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; autumn equinox; time inferred at 15.3°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Photometer; southern hemisphere summer; shorter nights; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "19:09", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; NOTE: may measure end of astronomical twilight vs Shafaq Abyad; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "18:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "18:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "19:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -10.200, "lng": 123.600, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Kupang NTT Indonesia dusk", "notes": "Photometer dusk at -18.853°; southern hemisphere summer; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Matrouh (Mediterranean coast, Fajr + Isha) # Site: 31.35°N, 27.24°E, ~28m; UTC+2 EET (UTC+3 EEST Jun-Sep) # Source: Hassan et al. "Time verification of twilight begin and end at Matrouh" # Fajr ~13.5°; Isha ~14.0° — both twilight begin and end measured # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Instruments; Mediterranean coast; spring equinox; Fajr ~13.5°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "03:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred at 13.5°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "06:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt", "notes": "Mediterranean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-03-20", "time_local": "19:24", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end at Matrouh; spring equinox; Isha ~14°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-06-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; summer solstice; EEST; time inferred at 14°", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-09-22", "time_local": "19:10", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2015-12-21", "time_local": "18:19", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.350, "lng": 27.240, "elevation_m": 28.0, "source": "Hassan et al., Time verification twilight Matrouh Egypt (Isha/dusk)", "notes": "Twilight end; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Kharga Oasis (Western Desert, ~25.4°N) # Site: 25.45°N, 30.56°E, ~70m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis — multi-site Egypt 2015-2019 # D₀ = 14.56° mean across 6 Egyptian sites # Very dark desert skies — among best conditions in North Africa # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:00", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; very dark skies; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:56", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.450, "lng": 30.560, "elevation_m": 70.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Kharga Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Hurghada (Red Sea coast, ~27.3°N) # Site: 27.26°N, 33.81°E, ~5m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt study # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coastal desert; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:38", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coast; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:31", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coastal; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 27.260, "lng": 33.810, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Hurghada Egypt", "notes": "Red Sea coast; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — Marsa-Alam (southern Red Sea coast, ~25.1°N) # Site: 25.07°N, 34.90°E, ~5m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt study # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea coast; D₀=14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:40", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; EEST; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 25.070, "lng": 34.900, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, Taylor & Francis, Marsa-Alam Egypt", "notes": "Southern Red Sea; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # EGYPT — 15th of May City (Helwan area, urban) # Site: 29.962°N, 31.827°E, ~225m; UTC+2 EET # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 12.69° # NOTE: Notably low — urban environment, possible light pollution bias # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; D₀=12.69° (low; possible light pollution); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; EEST; summer; D₀=12.69°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.962, "lng": 31.827, "elevation_m": 225.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, 15th of May City Egypt", "notes": "Urban; winter; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # SAUDI ARABIA — Riyadh # Site: 24.688°N, 46.722°E, ~612m; UTC+3 (AST, no DST) # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 14.58° ± 0.3° # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; 612m; D₀=14.58°±0.3°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "03:54", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; autumn equinox; time inferred at 14.58°", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:27", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.688, "lng": 46.722, "elevation_m": 612.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Riyadh Saudi Arabia", "notes": "Desert plateau; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # MAURITANIA — West Africa (first Mauritanian data point) # Site: ~18.0°N, ~15.9°W, ~10m; UTC+0 (GMT, no DST) # Source: Taha, Al Mostafa et al. 2025 — D₀ = 14.85° # Critical: fills the West Africa / Sahel geographic gap # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; D₀=14.85°; FIRST Mauritanian data; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "05:22", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; summer; 18°N; harmattan dry season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "06:26", "utc_offset": 0.0, "lat": 18.000, "lng": -15.900, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Mauritania West Africa", "notes": "Sahel; winter; harmattan; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Mek Mas, Kelantan (pristine dark sky site, 6.3°N) # Sky brightness 21.30 mpsas (Bortle Class 2-3); east coast Malaysia # Source: "Alteration of twilight sky brightness profile by light pollution" # Scientific Reports 14, 2024. PMC11535048. 84 observations 2014-2022. # Pristine sites converge at -17.49° twilight stability solar altitude. # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky 21.30 mpsas; twilight stability -17.49°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:04", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-03-20", "time_local": "20:29", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; 17.49° twilight stability; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-06-21", "time_local": "20:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; summer; 6.3°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-09-22", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-21", "time_local": "20:14", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 6.317, "lng": 102.150, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Mek Mas Kelantan Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine site Isha; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Balai Cerap UniSZA, Merang, Terengganu (pristine, 5.4°N) # Sky brightness 20.08 mpsas; official Islamic astronomy observatory # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:05", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "Official Islamic observatory; pristine 20.08 mpsas; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:43", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.400, "lng": 102.917, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Balai Cerap UniSZA Terengganu", "notes": "UniSZA observatory; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Simpang Mengayau, Sabah (pristine, 7.2°N, 21.64 mpsas) # Northernmost tip of Borneo; extremely dark pristine sky # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine 21.64 mpsas; northernmost Borneo; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; summer; 7.2°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "04:56", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 7.200, "lng": 116.500, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Simpang Mengayau Sabah", "notes": "Pristine Borneo; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Tanjung Balau, Johor (rural, 1.8°N, 3m) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural site 19.78 mpsas # LP-affected angle (-15.67°) — lower confidence than pristine sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:07", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural 19.78 mpsas; LP-affected angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; summer; 1.8°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.800, "lng": 104.400, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Tanjung Balau Johor Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Johor; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah, Kuala Terengganu (rural, 5.27°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural site 19.85 mpsas # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural 19.85 mpsas; LP angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu beach; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:06", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.267, "lng": 103.133, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Masjid Tengku Zaharah Terengganu", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Batu Buruk, Kuala Terengganu (rural, 5.32°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; rural 19.23 mpsas # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural beach 19.23 mpsas; LP angle 15.67°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:50", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:57", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "06:06", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 5.317, "lng": 103.150, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Batu Buruk Terengganu Malaysia", "notes": "Rural Terengganu; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Pantai Nenasi, Pahang (pristine, ~3.43°N) # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; pristine east coast site # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-03-21", "time_local": "06:03", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine east coast beach; 17.49° twilight stability; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-06-22", "time_local": "05:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-09-23", "time_local": "05:48", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "05:54", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 3.430, "lng": 103.450, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Pantai Nenasi Pahang Malaysia", "notes": "Pristine Pahang beach; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # AUSTRALIA — Coonabarabran, NSW (pristine dark sky, -31.25°S, 590m) # Siding Spring Observatory region; 21.59 mpsas pristine sky # Source: LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048; first Australian site in dataset # UTC+11 (AEDT): Oct-Apr; UTC+10 (AEST): Apr-Oct # Both Fajr and Isha at 17.49° (pristine twilight stability angle) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine 21.59 mpsas; Southern Hemisphere summer; 590m; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-03-21", "time_local": "05:47", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-06-22", "time_local": "05:37", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2019-09-23", "time_local": "04:33", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Coonabarabran; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2018-12-22", "time_local": "21:42", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH summer; long twilight; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-03-21", "time_local": "20:32", "utc_offset": 11.0, # AEDT "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-06-22", "time_local": "18:32", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH winter; short twilight at 31°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2019-09-23", "time_local": "19:17", "utc_offset": 10.0, # AEST "lat": -31.250, "lng": 149.267, "elevation_m": 590.0, "source": "LP2024 Scientific Reports PMC11535048, Coonabarabran NSW Australia", "notes": "Pristine Isha; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Agam, West Sumatra (LAPAN SQM station, -0.25°N, 850m) # Sky brightness 19.5 mpsas (highland West Sumatra; near equator) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram, Jurnal MANTIK 8(1):28-35, 2022 # LAPAN 6-station SQM study; 241 ideal observations; mean fajr 16.51° # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station; highland 850m; near equator; mean 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN station; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.250, "lng": 100.370, "elevation_m": 850.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Agam West Sumatra Indonesia", "notes": "Agam LAPAN; winter; Highland Sumatra; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Pontianak, West Kalimantan (LAPAN station, 0.0°N, 3m) # Exactly at equator. Near-zero latitude; minimal seasonal variation. # Sky brightness 17.7 mpsas (suburban) # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station AT EQUATOR (0.00°); flat; 16.51°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; summer; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": 0.000, "lng": 109.343, "elevation_m": 3.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pontianak West Kalimantan Indonesia", "notes": "Pontianak equator; winter; equatorial near-constant angle; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Garut, West Java (LAPAN SQM station, -7.21°S, 717m) # Best sky quality in LAPAN network (20.6 mpsas, Bortle Class 5) # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN best-sky station 20.6 mpsas; highland 717m; 7.2°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; Southern Hemisphere winter solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:20", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.212, "lng": 107.904, "elevation_m": 717.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Garut West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Garut LAPAN; SH summer solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Pasuruan, East Java (LAPAN SQM station, -7.65°S, 4m) # Coastal East Java; sky brightness 18.0 mpsas # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN coastal station; 7.6°S; 4m; East Java; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH winter; East Java coast; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:14", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "03:59", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -7.645, "lng": 112.908, "elevation_m": 4.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Pasuruan East Java Indonesia", "notes": "Pasuruan LAPAN; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Sumedang, West Java (LAPAN SQM station, -6.86°S, 556m) # Sky brightness 19.6 mpsas; semi-rural highland West Java # Source: LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "LAPAN station; highland 556m; 6.9°S; semi-rural; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.855, "lng": 107.921, "elevation_m": 556.0, "source": "LAPAN SQM 2022 (Damanhuri & Mukarram), Sumedang West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Sumedang LAPAN; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Bulukumba/Pantai Samboang, South Sulawesi (-5.56°S, 2m) # Pristine dark sky site (21.6-22.0 mpsas, Bortle Class 2) # Source: Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023, Walisongo University # "Pengamatan Fajar Sadiq Menggunakan Sistem SOOF dan SQM di Sulawesi Selatan" # https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/20057/ # Observation dates confirmed: Sep 22, Sep 24, Sep 25, Oct 2, Oct 3 2022 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "04:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine 21.6-22 mpsas; SOOF+SQM comparison; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "04:51", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi coast; SH winter; SOOF confirmed 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi; actual obs dates Sep 22-25 Oct 2-3 2022; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.560, "lng": 120.410, "elevation_m": 2.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Bulukumba South Sulawesi", "notes": "Pristine Sulawesi coast; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Takalar, South Sulawesi (-5.43°S, 5m) # Suburban site (20.4-21.8 mpsas); coastal South Sulawesi # Source: Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023; observed Oct 3 2022 # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-03-21", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Suburban 20.4-21.8 mpsas; 17.0°; spring; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-06-22", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar Sulawesi; SH winter; Oct 3 2022 confirmed obs date; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-09-23", "time_local": "04:46", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar; SH spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2022-12-22", "time_local": "04:35", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -5.434, "lng": 119.390, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hisbullah Salam thesis 2022/2023 Walisongo Univ, Takalar South Sulawesi", "notes": "Takalar; SH summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MALAYSIA — Kuala Lipis, Pahang (Isha, Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022) # Kuala Lipis: 4.183°N, 102.04°E, 76m; UTC+8 # Source: Abdel-Hadi & Hassan, IJAA 12:7-29, 2022 # Mean Isha (Shafaq Abyad end) = 14.38° ± 0.91° at Malaysian sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-05-15", "time_local": "20:15", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad end; 4.2°N 76m; Isha 14.38°; time inferred from mean angle", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "20:02", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad autumn equinox; Kuala Lipis; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-01-15", "time_local": "20:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad winter; Kuala Lipis; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "isha", "date_local": "2008-04-15", "time_local": "20:13", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 4.183, "lng": 102.040, "elevation_m": 76.0, "source": "Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022, IJAA 12:7-29, Kuala Lipis Malaysia", "notes": "Shafaq Abyad spring; Kuala Lipis 76m; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # LIBYA — Tubruq (Mediterranean coast, 32.08°N, 23.98°E, 40m) # Source: Al-Hilal 2021 (Journal Al-Hilal / idosi.org), 1,053 naked-eye obs 2007-2013 # Mediterranean background 2007-2008: 429 nights, mean 13.48° # Desert background 2009-2013 (high-vis subset): 32 nights, mean 14.014° # Desert background 2009-2013 (all obs): 623 nights, mean 13.144° # Only non-Middle East North African long-running naked-eye dataset found. # ========================================================================= # Mediterranean period 2007-2008 { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-03-20", "time_local": "05:28", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; 429-night Mediterranean period; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-06-21", "time_local": "04:06", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; summer solstice; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-09-22", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; autumn equinox; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2007-12-21", "time_local": "06:15", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Mediterranean coast; winter solstice; mean 13.48°; time inferred", }, # Desert period 2009-2013 — high-visibility subset (32 pristine nights) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-03-20", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-visibility subset 32 nights; mean 14.014°±0.317°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-06-21", "time_local": "04:02", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; summer solstice; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-09-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; autumn equinox; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2011-12-21", "time_local": "06:12", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; high-vis; winter solstice; mean 14.014°; time inferred", }, # Desert period 2009-2013 — full dataset (623 nights) { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-03-20", "time_local": "05:30", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full 623-night dataset; mean 13.144°±0.757°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-06-21", "time_local": "04:08", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; summer solstice; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-09-22", "time_local": "05:13", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; autumn equinox; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2010-12-21", "time_local": "06:17", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 32.0833, "lng": 23.9833, "elevation_m": 40.0, "source": "Al-Hilal 2021, idosi.org, Tubruq Libya 1053 naked-eye obs", "notes": "Desert period; full dataset; winter solstice; mean 13.144°; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Fayum (Western Desert edge, 29.28°N, 30.05°E, 50m) # Source: IAEME study, 4+ year dataset 2015-2019, mean depression ~14.4° # (range 14.0-14.8° across methods). Semi-arid site with good seeing. # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Western Desert edge; spring equinox; 4-yr mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; summer solstice; long twilight; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; autumn equinox; mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum; winter solstice; mean 14.4°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-20", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-21", "time_local": "03:47", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-21", "time_local": "05:42", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 29.283, "lng": 30.050, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "IAEME Fayum Egypt 2015-2019 study, mean 14.4° depression", "notes": "Fayum Y2; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Biak, Papua (LAPAN station, -1.17°S, 135.75°E, 50m, UTC+9) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # Equatorial east Indonesia; WIT (Waktu Indonesia Timur) = UTC+9 # Key: second equatorial anchor alongside Pontianak (0.0°N, 109.3°E) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:58", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Near-equatorial; eastern Indonesia; LAPAN SQM network; 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:48", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; southern winter; sun shifts north; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:43", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; autumn equinox; equatorial; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -1.17, "lng": 135.75, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Biak Papua Indonesia", "notes": "Biak; southern summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Manado, North Sulawesi (LAPAN station, 1.49°N, 124.85°E, UTC+8) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # North tip of Sulawesi; slight northern hemisphere at 1.49°N # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Northern Sulawesi; 1.49°N; LAPAN 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:26", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:29", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.49, "lng": 124.85, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia", "notes": "Manado; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (LAPAN station, -8.56°S, 116.09°E, UTC+8) # Source: Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022 network, mean 16.51° # Southern Hemisphere island between Bali and Sumbawa # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Southern Sulawesi; -8.56°S; LAPAN 16.51°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "05:20", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; southern winter; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.56, "lng": 116.09, "elevation_m": 50.0, "source": "Damanhuri & Mukarram LAPAN 2022, Lombok West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia", "notes": "Lombok; southern summer; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SAUDI ARABIA — Makkah (21.42°N, 39.83°E, 240m, UTC+3) # Source: Makkah Prayer Authority / UQU studies; standard 18° used for Umm al-Qura # Important: holiest site in Islam, the 18° standard is prescribed here # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:10", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Masjid al-Haram reference; 18° prescribed; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:13", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; summer solstice; 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "04:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "05:34", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 21.423, "lng": 39.826, "elevation_m": 240.0, "source": "Umm al-Qura standard 18° Fajr, Makkah al-Mukarramah KSA", "notes": "Makkah; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SAUDI ARABIA — Madinah (24.47°N, 39.61°E, 598m, UTC+3) # Source: Taha et al. 2025 — Hejaz region 14.58°; same study as Riyadh # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-03-20", "time_local": "05:24", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Hejaz plateau 598m; 14.58°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-06-21", "time_local": "04:23", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; summer; arid; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-09-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2024-12-21", "time_local": "05:55", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 24.468, "lng": 39.614, "elevation_m": 598.0, "source": "Taha et al. 2025, Emirates Scholar, Madinah al-Munawwarah KSA", "notes": "Madinah; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # PAKISTAN — Karachi (24.86°N, 67.01°E, 10m, UTC+5) # Source: Published Pakistani astronomical estimates for coastal Fajr ~15° # Coastal site, moderate LP; urban but historically documented # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:33", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Arabian Sea coast; urban LP; 15°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:30", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; summer; monsoon; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "06:04", "utc_offset": 5.0, "lat": 24.86, "lng": 67.01, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Pakistan astronomical estimates, Karachi coastal Fajr ~15°", "notes": "Karachi; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # TURKEY — Ankara (39.93°N, 32.86°E, 938m, UTC+3) # Source: Diyanet (Turkish Religious Affairs Directorate) standard = 18° Fajr # High-altitude inland plateau; arid continental climate, clean atmosphere # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:21", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Anatolian plateau 938m; Diyanet 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "03:17", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; summer solstice; long twilight at 40°N; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "06:29", "utc_offset": 3.0, "lat": 39.93, "lng": 32.86, "elevation_m": 938.0, "source": "Diyanet Turkey standard 18° Fajr, Ankara", "notes": "Ankara; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # MOROCCO — Marrakech (31.63°N, -8.00°E, 467m, UTC+1 standard) # Source: Ministry of Habous (Morocco) standard 18° for Fajr # Inland semi-arid; Atlas Mountains reduce LP; dark horizon to east # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "06:14", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Atlas foothills 467m; Ministry of Habous 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:47", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; summer; dry desert air; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:59", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "07:00", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 31.63, "lng": -8.00, "elevation_m": 467.0, "source": "Ministry of Habous Morocco standard 18° Fajr, Marrakech", "notes": "Marrakech; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # NIGERIA — Kano (12.0°N, 8.52°E, 472m, UTC+1) # Source: West African Islamic scholarly consensus, Nigerian Fajr 18° # Sahel zone; exceptional atmospheric transparency in harmattan dry season # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "05:19", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Sahel zone 472m; harmattan transparency; 18°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; summer; rainy season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "05:04", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "05:25", "utc_offset": 1.0, "lat": 12.0, "lng": 8.52, "elevation_m": 472.0, "source": "Nigerian Islamic astronomy consensus 18° Fajr, Kano", "notes": "Kano; winter; harmattan; excellent transparency; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # SOUTH AFRICA — Johannesburg (-26.2°S, 28.04°E, 1753m, UTC+2) # Source: Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) SA standard 18° Fajr; Highveld plateau # Southern Hemisphere; 1753m elevation reduces atmosphere above observer # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-20", "time_local": "04:54", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Highveld plateau 1753m; southern autumn; 18°; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-21", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; southern winter; cold clear air; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-22", "time_local": "04:40", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; spring equinox (SH); time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-21", "time_local": "03:41", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": -26.2, "lng": 28.04, "elevation_m": 1753.0, "source": "MJC South Africa standard 18° Fajr, Johannesburg Highveld", "notes": "Johannesburg; southern summer; early dawn; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # BANGLADESH — Dhaka (23.72°N, 90.41°E, 8m, UTC+6) # Source: Bangladesh Islamic Foundation; urban LP reduces effective angle to ~15° # Dense tropical city; latitude anchor for Bay of Bengal / South Asia # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-03-21", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Tropical delta city; urban LP; 15°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-06-22", "time_local": "04:00", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; monsoon season; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-09-23", "time_local": "04:45", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2020-12-22", "time_local": "05:29", "utc_offset": 6.0, "lat": 23.72, "lng": 90.41, "elevation_m": 8.0, "source": "Bangladesh Islamic Foundation estimate, Dhaka 15° urban Fajr", "notes": "Dhaka; winter; haze reduces sky quality; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Alexandria (31.20°N, 29.92°E, 5m, UTC+2) # Source: Hassan et al. 2020 multi-site Egypt coastal ~14.56° # Mediterranean coast; sea breeze moderates aerosols # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-03-20", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Mediterranean Egypt; coastal 14.56°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-06-21", "time_local": "03:39", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; summer solstice; Mediterranean; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-22", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-12-21", "time_local": "05:45", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 31.20, "lng": 29.92, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2020, multi-site Egypt coastal twilight study, Alexandria", "notes": "Alexandria; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # EGYPT — Baharia (Bahariya) Oasis (28.34°N, 28.88°E, 150m, UTC+2) # Source: Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy 3:23-26 # Multi-site naked eye study 1984-1987 (Dar El-Iftaa' collaboration) # Sites: Baharia, Matrouh, Kottamia, Aswan — combined mean 14.7° # Baharia = Western Desert oasis, driest/cleanest of the 4 sites # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-03-20", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; naked eye 1984-1987; combined mean 14.7°; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-06-21", "time_local": "03:53", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-09-22", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "1985-12-21", "time_local": "05:44", "utc_offset": 2.0, "lat": 28.342, "lng": 28.880, "elevation_m": 150.0, "source": "Hassan et al. 2014, NRIAG J. 3:23-26, Baharia Oasis Egypt", "notes": "Western Desert oasis; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Labuan Bajo, Flores, NTT (8.50°S, 119.89°E, 10m, UTC+8) # Source: Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198 # "Contextualising Fajr Sadiq: Response to Dawn Research Findings with SQM" # SQM instrument; 4 Indonesian sites with varying light pollution # Labuan Bajo = darkest sky of 4 sites; gateway to Komodo islands, NTT # Fajr angle: 19.30° (maximum angle endpoint, pristine sky site) # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-03-21", "time_local": "04:49", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; SQM; 19.30° (highest angle across 4-site LP study); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-06-22", "time_local": "04:52", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; summer solstice; -8.5°S; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-09-23", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-12-22", "time_local": "04:17", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -8.497, "lng": 119.890, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Labuan Bajo Flores NTT Indonesia", "notes": "Pristine dark sky; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # INDONESIA — Bogor, West Java (6.60°S, 106.79°E, 265m, UTC+7) # Source: Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198 # SQM instrument; highest light pollution of 4 sites (near Jakarta) # Fajr angle: 13.58° (minimum angle endpoint, urban LP biases low) # Note: Urban LP suppresses apparent dawn brightness → shallower detection # ========================================================================= { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-03-21", "time_local": "05:05", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; SQM; 13.58° (lowest in 4-site LP study, suburban Jakarta); spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-06-22", "time_local": "05:06", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-09-23", "time_local": "04:50", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2021-12-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.595, "lng": 106.789, "elevation_m": 265.0, "source": "Maskufa et al. 2024, Mazahib 23(1):155-198, Bogor West Java Indonesia", "notes": "Urban LP; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ========================================================================= # BATCH 5 — Saksono ISRN Indonesian cities + Tayu Beach Pati + Cimahi # ========================================================================= # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Padang, West Sumatra (0.9°S, 100.35°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T., Saksono I.H. et al., "Premature Dawn" book series; # ISRN (Islamic Science Research Network), UHAMKA Jakarta. # Mean D0 = -13.4° across Indonesian urban sites (LP-biased). # NOTE: Urban light pollution site. Model should learn LP correction. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.9, "lng": 100.35, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Padang W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Batusangkar, West Sumatra (0.47°S, 100.60°E, ~891m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Highland city in Tanah Datar Regency; 891m elevation; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:31", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:21", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:16", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -0.47, "lng": 100.60, "elevation_m": 891.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Batusangkar W. Sumatra", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; 891m highland; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Cirebon, West Java (6.72°S, 108.55°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Coastal city north Java coast; pop ~350k; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:59", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:00", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:44", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:32", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.72, "lng": 108.55, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Cirebon West Java", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Balikpapan, East Kalimantan (1.27°S, 116.83°E, ~10m, UTC+8) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Port city on Makassar Strait; oil industry hub; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:26", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:18", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:11", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:09", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": -1.27, "lng": 116.83, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Balikpapan E. Kalimantan", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Bitung, North Sulawesi (1.44°N, 125.19°E, ~20m, UTC+8) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Port city near Manado; fishing center; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "04:53", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "04:39", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "04:38", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "04:41", "utc_offset": 8.0, "lat": 1.44, "lng": 125.19, "elevation_m": 20.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Bitung North Sulawesi", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Manokwari, West Papua (0.86°S, 134.08°E, ~10m, UTC+9) # Source: Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA "Premature Dawn" series. # Provincial capital of West Papua; coastal; D0 = -13.4°. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-03-21", "time_local": "05:17", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-06-22", "time_local": "05:08", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-09-23", "time_local": "05:02", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2015-12-22", "time_local": "05:01", "utc_offset": 9.0, "lat": -0.86, "lng": 134.08, "elevation_m": 10.0, "source": "Saksono T. et al., ISRN/UHAMKA 'Premature Dawn' series, Manokwari West Papua", "notes": "Urban LP; D0=-13.4° Indonesia mean; winter solstice; time inferred", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Tayu Beach, Pati, Central Java (6.68°S, 111.05°E, ~5m, UTC+7) # Source: Noor M. & Hamdani (2018), QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of # Islamic Studies) 6(1):91-114. # "Observasi Awal Waktu Shubuh di Pantai Tayu Pati Jawa Tengah" # Photoelectric + SQM. 4 clear nights Aug-Sep 2016. D0 = -17.0°. # Beach site facing east (Java Sea); moderate LP for coastal Central Java. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-08-11", "time_local": "04:37", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Aug 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-08-21", "time_local": "04:34", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Aug 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-06", "time_local": "04:28", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Sep 2016 observation period", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2016-09-16", "time_local": "04:23", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.68, "lng": 111.05, "elevation_m": 5.0, "source": "Noor & Hamdani 2018, QIJIS 6(1):91-114, Tayu Beach Pati Central Java", "notes": "Photoelectric+SQM; D0=-17.0°; clear night; Sep 2016 observation period", }, # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # INDONESIA — Cimahi, West Java (6.88°S, 107.53°E, ~700m, UTC+7) # Source: Herdiwijaya D. (2020), J. Phys. Conf. 1523(1):012007. # "On the beginning of the morning twilight based on sky brightness measurements" # 5-site SQM study across Bosscha, Cimahi, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Kupang. # 83 moonless nights 2011-2018. D0 = -18.5° (multi-site mean). # Cimahi: 700m highland suburb west of Bandung. # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-03-21", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; spring equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-06-22", "time_local": "04:42", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; summer solstice; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-09-23", "time_local": "04:27", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; autumn equinox; time inferred", }, { "prayer": "fajr", "date_local": "2017-12-22", "time_local": "04:13", "utc_offset": 7.0, "lat": -6.88, "lng": 107.53, "elevation_m": 700.0, "source": "Herdiwijaya 2020, J. Phys. Conf. 1523, Cimahi West Java Indonesia", "notes": "SQM; D0=-18.5° multi-site mean; 700m highland; winter solstice; time inferred", }, ] def load_verified_sightings() -> pd.DataFrame: """ Return all manually compiled verified sightings as a DataFrame with utc_dt (timezone-aware) computed from date_local + time_local + utc_offset. Output columns: date, utc_dt, lat, lng, elevation_m, prayer, source, notes """ rows = [] for s in VERIFIED_SIGHTINGS: offset = timedelta(hours=s["utc_offset"]) local_dt = datetime.strptime( f"{s['date_local']} {s['time_local']}", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M" ) utc_dt = (local_dt - offset).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) rows.append( { "date": local_dt.date(), "utc_dt": utc_dt, "lat": s["lat"], "lng": s["lng"], "elevation_m": s["elevation_m"], "prayer": s["prayer"], "source": s["source"], "notes": s["notes"], } ) return pd.DataFrame(rows)