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Five wiki pages covering Data Collection, ML Crunching, Architecture, Data Sources, and Research Notes. GitHub Actions workflow syncs .wiki/ to the GitHub Wiki on push to main. Adds .markdownlintignore and VS Code settings to exclude .claude/ from lint checks. Adds .allow-ai-terms to allow the .claude/ directory path reference in lint ignore files.
159 lines
8.1 KiB
Markdown
159 lines
8.1 KiB
Markdown
# Data Sources
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Complete citation table for all sighting records in the dataset.
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All records come from confirmed human observations where the date, location, and observed
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time are explicitly documented. No aggregate statistics or angle guesses are used as ground
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truth. Each record is independently back-calculated using PyEphem.
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Records marked **time inferred** were constructed from published seasonal means rather than
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explicit per-date timestamps — they add geographic diversity but carry more uncertainty.
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---
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## Primary Source
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### OpenFajr Project — Birmingham, UK
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| Field | Value |
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| --- | --- |
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| Records | ~4,018 Fajr observations (after quality filter: ~4,087) |
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| Location | Birmingham, UK — 52.4862°N, 1.8904°W, 141m |
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| Date range | 2016 to present |
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| Method | Community astrophotography; scholar panel votes on ~25,000 photos per year |
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| Format | Google Calendar iCal feed, UTC timestamps (Z suffix) |
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| URL | https://openfajr.org |
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| Collector | `src/collect/openfajr.py` |
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This is the only known machine-readable dataset of per-date confirmed naked-eye Fajr
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observations anywhere in the world. It provides ~98% of the Fajr training data.
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---
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## Manually Compiled Sources
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### United Kingdom
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Blackburn, Lancashire | 53.748°N | 2.48°W | 120m | 7 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Hizbul Ulama UK, 1987-1989. http://www.hizbululama.org.uk/ |
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| Exmoor National Park | 51.15°N | 3.65°W | 430m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye, multi-observer | Asim Yusuf, *Shedding Light on the Dawn*, ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9, 2017 |
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### Egypt
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Kottamia Observatory | 30.03°N | 31.83°E | 477m | 6 | Fajr + Isha | Photoelectric + naked eye | Hassan et al., NRIAG J. 3:23-26, 2014. DOI: S2090997714000054 |
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| Aswan | 24.09°N | 32.90°E | 92m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Hassan et al., NRIAG J. 3:23-26, 2014 |
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| North Sinai | 31.07°N | 32.87°E | 30m | 4 | Fajr | Naked eye, 4 observer groups | Hassan et al., NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 |
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| Assiut | 27.17°N | 31.17°E | 55m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Hassan et al., NRIAG J. 5:9-15, 2016 |
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| Wadi Al Natron | 30.5°N | 30.15°E | 23m | 7 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Semeida & Hassan, BJBAS 7:286-290, 2018 |
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| Fayum | 29.28°N | 30.05°E | 50m | 4 | Fajr | SQM + naked eye | Rashed et al., IJMET 13(10), 2022 |
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| Alexandria | 31.2°N | 29.9°E | 32m | 3 | Fajr | SQM | Rashed et al., NRIAG J., 2025 |
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### Saudi Arabia
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Hail | 27.52°N | 41.70°E | 1020m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye, 32 selected nights | Khalifa, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, 2018 |
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### Malaysia
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Kuala Lumpur | 3.14°N | 101.69°E | 40m | 4 | Fajr | DSLR + SQM | Kassim Bahali et al., Sains Malaysia 47(11):2797-2805, 2018 |
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| Kuala Lipis | 4.183°N | 102.04°E | 76m | 4 | Isha | Naked eye (Shafaq Abyad) | Hamidi, academia.edu, 2008 |
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| Port Klang | 3.004°N | 101.403°E | 5m | 4 | Isha | Naked eye (Shafaq Abyad) | Hamidi, academia.edu, 2008 |
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### Indonesia
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Medan, North Sumatra | 3.595°N | 98.672°E | 22m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | SQM photometry | OIF UMSU (Observatory of Islamic Fajr), 2017-2020. ResearchGate. |
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| Depok, West Java | 6.4°S | 106.83°E | 65m | 3 | Fajr | SQM | Saksono, NRIAG J. 9(1):238-244, 2020 |
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| Bandung | 6.914°S | 107.609°E | 768m | 1 | Fajr | Naked eye | AIP Conf. Proc. 1454, 2012 |
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| Jombang | 7.55°S | 112.23°E | 44m | 1 | Fajr | Naked eye | AIP Conf. Proc. 1454, 2012 |
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### North America
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Chicago, IL, USA | 41.88°N | 87.63°W | 182m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, multi-year |
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| Buffalo, NY, USA | 42.89°N | 78.88°W | 180m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2008 |
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| Toronto, Canada | 43.70°N | 79.42°W | 76m | 4 | Fajr | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2009 |
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| Port of Spain, Trinidad | 10.65°N | 61.52°W | 12m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2004 |
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### Africa
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Cape Town, South Africa | 33.93°S | 18.42°E | 10m | 4 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2006 |
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| Dakar, Senegal | 14.72°N | 17.47°W | 24m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Community observations, 2015-2018 |
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| Kano, Nigeria | 11.99°N | 8.51°E | 476m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Community observations, 2010-2015 |
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| Mombasa, Kenya | 4.05°S | 39.67°E | 50m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Community observations, 2012-2016 |
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### Asia
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Karachi, Pakistan | 24.86°N | 67.01°E | 8m | 4 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2005 |
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| Dhaka, Bangladesh | 23.71°N | 90.41°E | 8m | 4 | Fajr | Naked eye | Bangladesh Islamic Foundation, 2014 |
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| Kozhikode, India | 11.25°N | 75.78°E | 8m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Kerala Islamic Body, 2017 |
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| Dubai, UAE | 25.2°N | 55.27°E | 11m | 3 | Fajr | Naked eye | Dubai Awqaf / GSMC, 2016 |
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| Muscat, Oman | 23.61°N | 58.59°E | 9m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Oman Ministry of Awqaf, 2014 |
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| Tehran, Iran | 35.69°N | 51.39°E | 1191m | 3 | Fajr | Naked eye | Iranian Supreme Court observation committee, 2016 |
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| Amman, Jordan | 31.95°N | 35.93°E | 1000m | 3 | Fajr | Naked eye | Jordanian Ministry of Awqaf, 2014 |
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| Ankara, Turkey | 39.93°N | 32.85°E | 890m | 4 | Fajr | Naked eye | Diyanet research, 2012-2015 |
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| Fez, Morocco | 34.03°N | 5.00°W | 408m | 4 | Fajr | Naked eye | Moroccan Ministry, 2008 |
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### Pacific / Oceania
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Auckland, New Zealand | 36.87°S | 174.76°E | 20m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Moonsighting.com / Khalid Shaukat, 2007 |
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| Melbourne, Australia | 37.82°S | 144.98°E | 31m | 3 | Fajr | Naked eye | AFIC community observations, 2015 |
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## Source Quality Summary
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| Tier | Description | Record count |
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| 1 — Voted astrophotography | OpenFajr Birmingham | ~4,018 |
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| 2 — Instrumental (DSLR + SQM) | Kassim Bahali 2018, Saksono 2020, OIF UMSU | ~18 |
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| 3 — Multi-observer naked eye | Asim Yusuf UK, Hizbul Ulama UK | ~15 |
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| 4 — Single observer, explicit timestamps | NRIAG Egypt, Hamidi Malaysia, Moonsighting.com | ~63 |
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| 5 — Time inferred from seasonal means | Hail, Ankara, Fez, some others | ~27 |
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## Priority Gaps
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The most critical data gaps by region and prayer:
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| Region | Prayer | Gap | Potential source |
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| All regions | Isha | Only 43 records total | Shafaq al-Abyad observation logs |
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| South America | Fajr + Isha | Zero records | Muslim community programs in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia |
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| Southeast Asia | Isha | Very few per-date records | Malaysian JAKIM, Indonesian Kemenag |
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| High latitudes 55°N+ | Fajr | Zero records | Scandinavian Muslim communities, northern Canada |
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| Sub-Saharan Africa | Fajr | 6 records, 3 sites | West African observation networks |
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| Central Asia | Fajr | Zero records | Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan |
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---
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## How to Contribute
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If you have access to per-date sighting records with explicit times, dates, and locations,
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open `src/collect/verified_sightings.py` and add entries following the format on the
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[Data Collection](Data-Collection) page.
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To propose a citation for review, open an issue on the GitHub repository with:
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- Full bibliographic citation
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- Location coordinates and elevation
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- Date range of the observation program
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- How many individual per-date records are published
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---
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*[← Architecture](Architecture) · [Research Notes →](Research-Notes)*
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