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Replaces the original JS calibration library with a pure Python pipeline for collecting and back-calculating solar depression angles from human-verified Fajr and Isha prayer sightings. What this does: - src/pipeline.py: master pipeline; fetches iCal + manual records, back-calculates angles via PyEphem, applies quality filters, exports two clean CSVs - src/collect/openfajr.py: parses the OpenFajr Birmingham iCal feed (~4,018 records) - src/collect/verified_sightings.py: manually compiled records from peer-reviewed studies (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Indonesia, UK, USA, Canada, and more) - src/angle_calc.py: PyEphem back-calculation with atmospheric refraction - src/elevation.py: Open-Elevation API batch lookup Datasets generated: - data/processed/fajr_angles.csv: 4,105 confirmed Fajr records, 35 locations, latitude range -37.8 to 53.7 degrees, date range 1985-2026 - data/processed/isha_angles.csv: 43 confirmed Isha records, 20+ locations Also includes: - notebooks/01_exploratory_analysis.ipynb: latitude, TOY, elevation pattern analysis - research/: academic paper summaries (not training data) - data/raw/sources.md: full citation table for all data sources
30 lines
1.8 KiB
Markdown
30 lines
1.8 KiB
Markdown
# Research Archive
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This folder contains summaries of academic and institutional research on Islamic twilight
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angles. These papers describe other researchers' conclusions about the solar depression angle
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at Fajr and Isha. They are useful for understanding the scientific landscape but are **not**
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used as ML training data — only raw per-date observations with explicit timestamps feed
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the `data/processed/` datasets.
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## Summary: What the research says
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Most peer-reviewed naked-eye studies find Fajr (true dawn / Subh Sadiq) corresponds to a
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solar depression of roughly **13°–16°** depending on site, season, and atmospheric conditions.
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Isha (Shafaq al-Abyad, white dusk twilight) corresponds to roughly **14°–18°**.
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The classic convention of 18° Fajr (used by ISNA, MWL, and others) is based on astronomical
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twilight (the sky becoming fully dark), not the first appearance of dawn light. Observations
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consistently show true dawn appears while the sun is 12°–15° below the horizon, not 18°.
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## Papers Summarized
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| File | Authors | Year | Site | Finding |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| `nriag-egypt-1984-2014.md` | Hassan et al. | 1984-2014 | Egypt (6 sites) | 13°-15° Fajr |
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| `nriag-egypt-2022-2025.md` | Rashed et al. | 2018-2025 | Egypt (Fayum, Alex) | 13°-14° Fajr |
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| `hail-saudi-2018.md` | Khalifa | 2014-2015 | Hail, Saudi Arabia | 14° mean Fajr |
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| `malaysia-indonesia-2018.md` | Kassim Bahali | 2017 | KL + Indonesia | 16.67° Fajr |
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| `depok-indonesia-2020.md` | Saksono | 2015 | Depok, Java | ~16° Fajr |
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| `uk-observations.md` | Yusuf, Hizbul Ulama | 1987-2017 | UK (3 sites) | 12°-14° Fajr |
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| `birmingham-openfajr.md` | OpenFajr project | 2016-2026 | Birmingham | 12.5°-14° Fajr |
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| `moonsighting-global.md` | Khalid Shaukat | 2000s | Multiple global | 15°-18° Fajr |
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