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199 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
199 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Data Sources
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Complete citation table for all sighting records in the dataset.
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All records come from confirmed human observations where the date, location, and observed
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time are explicitly documented. No aggregate statistics or angle guesses are used as ground
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truth. Each record is independently back-calculated using PyEphem.
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Records marked **time inferred** were constructed from published seasonal means rather than
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explicit per-date timestamps — they add geographic diversity but carry more uncertainty.
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---
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## Primary Source
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### OpenFajr Project — Birmingham, UK
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| Field | Value |
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| --- | --- |
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| Records | ~4,018 Fajr observations (after quality filter: ~4,087) |
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| Location | Birmingham, UK — 52.4862°N, 1.8904°W, 141m |
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| Date range | 2016 to present |
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| Method | Community astrophotography; scholar panel votes on ~25,000 photos per year |
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| Format | Google Calendar iCal feed, UTC timestamps (Z suffix) |
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| URL | https://openfajr.org |
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| Collector | `src/collect/openfajr.py` |
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This is the only known machine-readable dataset of per-date confirmed naked-eye Fajr
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observations anywhere in the world. It provides ~98% of the Fajr training data.
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---
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## Manually Compiled Sources
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### United Kingdom
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Blackburn, Lancashire | 53.750°N | 2.483°W | 120m | 29 Fajr + 32 Isha | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye, 6 Imams, 11 months | Miftahi 2007 via Shaukat 2015 booklet, 1987-1988 |
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| Exmoor National Park | 51.15°N | 3.65°W | 430m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye, multi-observer | Asim Yusuf, *Shedding Light on the Dawn*, ISBN 978-0-9934979-1-9, 2017 |
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### Egypt
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Kottamia Observatory | 29.932°N | 31.825°E | 411m | 3 | Fajr | Naked eye + Canon camera | Marzouk et al. 2025, Springer AUASS, per-night D0 from Figs 1-5 |
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| Kharga Oasis | 25.300°N | 30.167°E | 40m | 2 | Fajr | Canon camera | Marzouk et al. 2025, Springer AUASS, per-night D0 from Figs 7-8 |
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| Aswan | 23.803°N | 32.492°E | 210m | 4 | Fajr | Nikon + Canon camera | Marzouk et al. 2025, Springer AUASS, per-night D0 from Figs 10-21 |
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| Fayum | 29.283°N | 30.050°E | 50m | 2 | Fajr | CCD + Canon camera | Marzouk et al. 2025, Springer AUASS, per-night D0 from Figs 25-27 |
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| Kottamia Observatory | 29.929°N | 31.825°E | 477m | 6 | Fajr + Isha | Photoelectric + naked eye | Hassan et al., NRIAG J. 3:23-26, 2014 |
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| Wadi Al Natron | 30.5°N | 30.15°E | 23m | 7 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye | Semeida & Hassan, BJBAS 7:286-290, 2018 |
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### Saudi Arabia and Arabian Peninsula
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Riyadh | 25.767°N | 47.200°E | 540m | 13 | Fajr | Naked eye + Nikon D70 | Taha et al. 2025, EJSAS 3(1):4-17, per-night D0 from Table 7 |
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| Hail | 27.52°N | 41.70°E | 1020m | 8 | Fajr + Isha | Naked eye, 32 selected nights | Khalifa, NRIAG J. 7:22-28, 2018 |
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### Mauritania
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Jeneifisa (Mur.1) | 20.850°N | 14.383°W | 170m | 5 | Fajr | Naked eye, deep Saharan desert | Taha et al. 2025, EJSAS 3(1):4-17, per-night D0 from Table 9 |
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| Jorf (Mur.2) | 20.250°N | 15.283°W | 91m | 5 | Fajr | Naked eye, deep Saharan desert | Taha et al. 2025, EJSAS 3(1):4-17, per-night D0 from Table 9 |
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### Malaysia
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Pekan, Pahang | 3.408°N | 103.356°E | 5m | 1 | Fajr | DSLR + SQM | Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, IJMET 10(2):1136-1150, Table 6 |
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| Dungun, Terengganu | 4.795°N | 103.426°E | 5m | 3 | Fajr | DSLR + SQM | Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, IJMET 10(2):1136-1150, Table 6 |
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| Sabang, Aceh | 5.876°N | 95.339°E | 5m | 5 | Fajr | DSLR + SQM | Kassim Bahali et al. 2019, IJMET 10(2):1136-1150, Table 6 |
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| Kuala Lumpur | 3.14°N | 101.69°E | 40m | 4 | Fajr | DSLR + SQM | Kassim Bahali et al., Sains Malaysia 47(11):2797-2805, 2018 |
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| Kuala Terengganu | 5.283°N | 103.099°E | 5m | 1 | Fajr | DSLR | Kassim Bahali 2018, Sains Malaysiana Fig 4 |
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### Indonesia (Basthoni 2022 SQM Network)
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1,621 per-night SQM records across 46 Indonesian sites, extracted from all four appendices of
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Basthoni's 2022 PhD dissertation at UIN Walisongo. Each record is a direct instrument measurement
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where the Fajr depression angle was determined by linear fitting of SQM time-series data.
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#### Lampiran 2 (Dark, >= 21.3 mpsas): 637 records, 10 sites
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Karimunjawa | 5.823°S | 110.491°E | 1m | 252 | SQM time-series, linear fitting | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| Agam, W. Sumatra | 0.204°S | 100.320°E | 855m | 151 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| Garut, W. Java | 7.650°S | 107.692°E | 10m | 101 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| Banyuwangi, E. Java | 8.028°S | 114.425°E | 1m | 60 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| Biak, Papua | 1.174°S | 136.101°E | 47m | 39 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| Masalembu | 5.586°S | 114.436°E | 1m | 10 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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| 4 more sites | various | various | 1-1282m | 24 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 2 |
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#### Lampiran 3 (Somewhat Dark, 20.2-21.2 mpsas): 337 records, 9 sites
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Bosscha, W. Java | 6.817°S | 107.617°E | 1300m | 189 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 3 |
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| Biak, Papua | 1.174°S | 136.101°E | 47m | 109 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 3 |
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| Pontianak, W. Kalimantan | 0.050°S | 109.334°E | 10m | 17 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 3 |
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| 6 more sites | various | various | 1-855m | 22 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 3 |
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#### Lampiran 4 (Somewhat Bright, 19.1-20.1 mpsas): 418 records, 9 sites
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Mangkangkulon, Semarang | 6.967°S | 110.291°E | 5m | 154 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 4 |
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| Pasuruan, E. Java | 7.617°S | 112.908°E | 6m | 87 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 4 |
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| Pontianak, W. Kalimantan | 0.050°S | 109.334°E | 10m | 59 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 4 |
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| Subang, W. Java | 6.567°S | 107.750°E | 110m | 59 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 4 |
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| 5 more sites | various | various | 1-855m | 59 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 4 |
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#### Lampiran 5 (Bright/Urban, < 19.1 mpsas): 229 records, 18 sites
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Medan, N. Sumatra | 3.595°N | 98.672°E | 22m | 28 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 5 |
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| Depok, W. Java | 6.383°S | 106.830°E | 150m | 15 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 5 |
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| Paopao, Central Sulawesi | 0.917°S | 119.850°E | 50m | 13 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 5 |
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| 15 more sites | various | various | 1-1300m | 173 | SQM time-series | Basthoni 2022, Lampiran 5 |
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### Indonesia (Other Sources)
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| BRIN Mt. Timau, NTT | 9.6°S | 123.8°E | 1282m | 59 Fajr | Fajr | SQM-LE continuous | BRIN multistation network, data/raw/raw_sightings/ |
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| 7 BRIN stations | various | various | 2-1282m | 577 Isha | Isha | SQM-LE continuous | BRIN multistation network |
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### North America
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Ithaca, NY, USA | 42.44°N | 76.50°W | 270m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye, 3 observers | Omar Afzal via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Sep 1991 |
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| Tando Adam, Pakistan | 25.76°N | 68.66°E | 25m | 2 | Fajr | Naked eye | Ludhianvi 1975 via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Jun 1970 |
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### Europe
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| Location | Lat | Lng | Elev | Records | Prayer | Method | Source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| Pampigny, Switzerland | 46.57°N | 6.39°E | 570m | 1 | Fajr | Camera observation | Ouared via Shaukat 2015 booklet, Jun 2016 |
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---
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## Source Quality Summary
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Dataset counts as of pipeline run 2026-02-28: **5,871 Fajr + 46 Isha**
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| Tier | Description | Sources | Approx count |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| 1 — Voted astrophotography | OpenFajr Birmingham iCal | OpenFajr | ~4,018 Fajr |
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| 2 — Instrumental (SQM), per-night | Basthoni 2022 PhD, 46 Indonesian sites (Lampiran 2-5) | 1 source, 46 sites | ~1,621 Fajr |
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| 3 — Instrumental (DSLR/SQM), per-night | Kassim Bahali 2018+2019, BRIN multistation | 3 sources | ~70 Fajr+Isha |
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| 4 — Multi-observer naked eye, per-date | Blackburn UK (29+32), Asim Yusuf UK, Taha Riyadh+Mauritania | 4 sources | ~95 Fajr+Isha |
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| 5 — Camera/instrument per-night (D0 from paper) | Marzouk 2025 Egypt, Khalifa 2018 Hail | 2 sources | ~19 Fajr+Isha |
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| 6 — Single observer, explicit timestamps | Shaukat booklet sites, moonsighting.com | 5+ sources | ~12 Fajr+Isha |
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## Data Availability Assessment
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After an extensive search (February 2026) covering >80 academic sources and community programs:
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**What exists at scale:** Only one known machine-readable per-date observation feed exists: OpenFajr Birmingham (~4,018 records). The second-largest source is Basthoni's 2022 PhD dissertation from UIN Walisongo, with 1,621 per-night SQM records across 46 Indonesian sites (now fully extracted from all four appendices). All other sources publish per-date tables in academic papers (a few dozen records each) or aggregate D0 statistics only.
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**What the global research corpus contains:** ~8-15k verified per-date records in total across all known published sources. Most Egyptian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Pakistani, and Middle Eastern research papers report seasonal mean D0 values, not per-date tables.
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**Confirmed negative search results (Feb 2026):** Pakistan (moonsighting.com, Ruet-e-Hilal), Sudan, East Africa, Central Asia, Faid et al. 2024 per-night data (84 observations unpublished), Herdiwijaya per-night tables (83 data points visible in scatter plots only). Globe at Night SQM archives are night-sky brightness only, not prayer time observations.
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## Priority Gaps
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The most critical data gaps by region and prayer:
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| Region | Prayer | Gap | Potential source |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| All regions | Isha | Only 46 records total | Shafaq al-Abyad observation logs; contact NRIAG researchers |
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| South America | Fajr + Isha | Zero records | Muslim community programs in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia |
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| High latitudes 55°N+ | Fajr | Zero records | Scandinavian Muslim communities, northern Canada |
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| Sub-Saharan Africa | Fajr | Very few records | West African observation networks |
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| Central Asia | Fajr + Isha | Zero records | Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan |
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| Long-running SQM archives | Fajr + Isha | Per-date data held by researchers, not published | Direct contact with NRIAG Egypt, OIF UMSU, Faid et al. 2024 |
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---
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## How to Contribute
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If you have access to per-date sighting records with explicit times, dates, and locations,
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open `src/collect/verified_sightings.py` and add entries following the format on the
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[Data Collection](Data-Collection) page.
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To propose a citation for review, open an issue on the GitHub repository with:
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- Full bibliographic citation
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- Location coordinates and elevation
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- Date range of the observation program
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- How many individual per-date records are published
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---
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*[← Architecture](Architecture) · [Research Notes →](Research-Notes)*
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