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Data Sources Log

Comprehensive log of all data sources searched and their ingestion status.

For per-source citations, see Data Sources.

Dataset Status

Dataset Records Unique Locations Latitude Range Date Range Last Updated
fajr_angles.csv 5,871 110 -9.6° to 53.8° 1970-2026 2026-02-28
isha_angles.csv 46 5 -33.9° to 53.8° 1985-2022 2026-02-28

Target: 100,000 Fajr + 100,000 Isha records.

Only genuinely human-observed data is in the pipeline. Computed/circular data (Aladhan API, JAKIM e-Solat, Diyanet fixed-angle schedules, bulk-generated CSVs from fixed D0 angles) has been moved to data/raw/excluded/ and is NOT ingested.

Source Quality Tiers

Tier Description Fajr Isha
T1: DSLR verified Per-night astrophotography reviewed by scholars (OpenFajr) ~4,018 0
T2: Per-night SQM Instrument-measured depression angles (Basthoni 2022, BRIN) ~1,621 0
T3: Per-night observed DSLR campaigns, naked-eye logs with individual dates ~150 ~46
T4: Aggregate D0 Times back-calculated from a published mean observed angle ~80 0

Ingested Sources

A. Community Observation Feeds

Source Location Records Prayer Tier Status
OpenFajr Birmingham, UK (52.49°N, 1.89°W) ~4,018 Fajr T1 INGESTED

B. Instrumental SQM Per-Night Data

Source Location Records Prayer Tier Status
Basthoni 2022 PhD, Lampiran 2 10 Indonesian dark-sky sites 637 Fajr T2 INGESTED
Basthoni 2022 PhD, Lampiran 3 9 Indonesian somewhat-dark sites 337 Fajr T2 INGESTED
Basthoni 2022 PhD, Lampiran 4 9 Indonesian somewhat-bright sites 418 Fajr T2 INGESTED
Basthoni 2022 PhD, Lampiran 5 18 Indonesian bright/urban sites 229 Fajr T2 INGESTED
BRIN Mt. Timau NTT, Indonesia (9.6°S, 123.8°E) 59 Fajr T2 INGESTED

C. Academic Paper Per-Date Tables

Source Location Records Prayer Tier Status
Kassim Bahali 2019 JATMA 21 Malaysian + Indonesian sites ~78 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Kassim Bahali 2018 Sains Mal. Pekan, KT Malaysia ~10 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Kassim Bahali 2019 IJMET Pekan, Dungun, Sabang ~9 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Abdel-Hadi & Hassan 2022 5 Malaysian sites ~20 Fajr + Isha T3 INGESTED
Taha et al. 2025 Riyadh, Jeneifisa, Jorf 23 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Marzouk et al. 2025 4 Egyptian sites 11 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Khalifa et al. 2018 Hail, Saudi Arabia ~8 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Hassan et al. 2014 Kottamia, Baharia Egypt ~6 Fajr + Isha T3 INGESTED
Semeida & Hassan 2018 Wadi Al Natron, Egypt ~7 Fajr + Isha T3 INGESTED
Miftahi/Shaukat 2015 Blackburn, UK 29 + 32 Fajr + Isha T3 INGESTED
Asim Yusuf 2017 Exmoor, UK ~8 Fajr + Isha T3 INGESTED
Moonsighting.com Various ~2 Fajr T3 INGESTED
Walisongo 2022 Sulawesi ~10 Fajr T3 INGESTED

D. Excluded Sources (in data/raw/excluded/)

These were collected but produce circular or computed data that would not train the ML model:

Source Why Excluded
Aladhan API (MWL, ISNA, HiLat) Fixed-angle algorithm outputs (18°, 15°)
JAKIM e-Solat (waktusolat.app) Fixed 20° Fajr / 18° Isha algorithm
Diyanet Turkey Fixed-angle official schedule
Aggregate monthly CSVs (76 files) Synthetic times from published mean D0 (circular)
BRIN Timau interpolated Times at exactly -18° sun altitude (reference point, not observation)
OpenFajr CSV duplicates Already fetched live by fetch_openfajr()

Source Search Results

Repositories Searched

Repository Queries Papers Found Useful
Google Scholar 20+ 30+ papers 12 with per-date data
ResearchGate 15+ 20+ papers 8 with usable tables
Academia.edu 10+ 10+ papers 4 with per-date data
Semantic Scholar 10+ 15+ papers 3 usable
DuckDuckGo web 39 rotating queries 100+ URLs 5 new datasets
data.brin.go.id BRIN datasets 2 datasets Both ingested
UIN Walisongo eprints Basthoni 2022 1 dissertation 1,621 records
Globe at Night 2024 CSV tested 14,449 observations 0 usable (evening only)

Confirmed Negative Results (Feb 2026)

No per-night Fajr/Isha observation data found for:

  • Pakistan (Ruet-e-Hilal, moonsighting.com Pakistan)
  • Sudan, East Africa
  • Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan)
  • South America
  • Scandinavia (above 54°N)
  • Iran (per-night data)
  • Faid et al. 2024 (84 observations, data unpublished)
  • Herdiwijaya per-night tables (83 data points in scatter plots only, no extractable table)

Ingestion Pipeline

All sources flow through:

Source data --> data/raw/raw_sightings/{source}.csv  OR  src/collect/verified_sightings.py
    --> python -m src.pipeline --no-elevation-lookup
    --> data/processed/fajr_angles.csv
    --> data/processed/isha_angles.csv

CSV format for raw_sightings: prayer, date_local, time_local, utc_offset, lat, lng, elevation_m, source, notes

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